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Josephus' account of the famine, 193. The close of Jewish history, 199.
The life and customs of the Israelites, 205. Hebrew art, architecture: the temple
tombs, etc., 209.
CHAPTER XVI
THE PROPHETS AND THE HISTORY OF SEMITIC STYLE. By Dr. D. H. Müller 213
INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. INDIVIDUALITY OF PHENICIAN HISTORY, AND ORIGIN OF
THE NAME. By Richard Pietschmann
243
.
PHÔNICIAN HISTORY IN OUTLINE (3800 B.C.-1516 A.D.)
• 246
CARTHAGINIAN HISTORY IN OUTLINE (813 B.C.-697 A.D.)
CHAPTER I
• 255
LAND AND PEOPLE
Origin of the Phænicians, 259.
CHAPTER II
EARLY HISTORY AND INFLUENCES.
263
Beginnings of the history and civilisation of Phænicia, 263. The colonies, 270.
Voyages and trading-stations, 274.
CHAPTER III
THE PHENICIAN TIME OF POWER (980–532 B.C.)
. 279
The reign of Hiram I, 279. The successors of Hiram, 283.
CHAPTER V
PAGE
PHENICIA UNDER THE GREEKS, THE ROMANS, AND THE SARACENS (301 B.C.-1516 A.D.)
301
CHAPTER VI
THE STORY OF CARTHAGE (813 B.C.-697 A.D.)
308
The site and early history of Carthage, 310. Mommsen's account of Carthage,
312. War in Sicily between Rome and Carthage, 319. Rome and Carthage, 321.
Last days of Carthage, 325.
Sea trade, 330. Manufactures and land trade of the Phoenicians, 334. Silver and
gold in antiquity as money, 339. The slave trade of Phænicia, 342.
CHAPTER VIII
PHOENICIAN CIVILISATION
· 346
The Phoenicians and the alphabet, 347. Manners and customs ; religion, 348.
Culture ; art, 352. The Phoenician influence on history, 353.
“The voyage of Hanno, beyond the pillars of Hercules, which he deposited in
the temple of Saturn," 356. Himilco's voyage of discovery, 358. Pomponius Mela
on the Phoenicians, 359. Appianus Alexandrinus on the founding of Carthage by
Dido, 360.
BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS
. 361
A GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PHENICIAN HISTORY
363
PART VI. WESTERN ASIA
INTRODUCTORY Essay. THE POSITION OF Asia MINOR IN HISTORY. By William
J. Hamilton
373
HISTORY IN OUTLINE OF THE MINOR KINGDOMS OF WESTERN ASIA (1528–546 B.C.) 380
Recent Hittite research, 393. The Hittites and the Egyptians, 394. The Hittites
and the Hebrews, 395. Hittite art, 396. Hittite monuments in Asia Minor, 397.
SCYTHIANS AND CIMMERIANS
400
The Scythians, 400. Scythian influences in Asia Minor, 400. Scythian move-
ments, 401. Herodotus on the customs of the Scythians, 404. The Cimmerians, 410.
SOME PEOPLES OF SYRIA, ASIA MINOR, AND ARMENIA
413
The Aramæans, 413. Phrygia, 413. The Cappadocians, 415. The Cilicians, 416.
Pamphylia and Pisidia, 416. The Carians, 417. The Lycians, 417. The Mysians, 419.
The Bithynians and the Paphlagonians, 419. Armenia, 420.
The land, 422. The people, 423. Sardis and the name of Asia, 424. Early his-
tory of Lydia, 426. Ardys, 427. Early dynasties, 429. Gyges, 430. The triumph
of Persia, 431. Lydian civilisation, 433. A picture of life in Lydia, 434.
Justin's account of the Scythians and the Amazons, 438. Pomponius Mela on the
Scythians and other tribes, 441. Diodorus on the Amazons and the Hyperboreans,
444. Herodotus on the legendary Gyges, 446. The story of Croesus as told by Hero-
dotus, 448. Croesus and Solon, 449. The vision of Croesus, 451. Cræsus loses his
son, 453. Crcesus consults the oracles, 454. The reply of the oracles, 455. Crosus
makes an alliance with Sparta, 456. Croesus invades Cappadocia, 457. Croesus in
conflict with Cyrus, 458. The siege of Sardis, 460. The fate of Croesus, 460.
464
A GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE HISTORY OF THE MINOR NATIONS OF WESTERN
ASIA .
465
INDIAN HISTORY-LEGEND AND REALITY
PAOX
. 493
Chronology and ancient history of the Hindus, 493. The authority of the Vedas,
496. Monumental records, 496. Legends of the early heroes, 498. An inscription
of Asoka, 499. Traditional kings, 500. Brahmanic learning, 501. The epochs of
Indian history, 502. Vedic period, 503. The Buddhist period, 503. Chandra Gupta,
504. Twelve centuries of obscurity, 505.
MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE ANCIENT HINDUS.
. 508
Division and employment of classes, 508. The property of the Brahman, 510.
The despised Sudra, 511. Mixture of classes, 513. The administration of justice, 515.
Criminal law, 516. Civil law, 517. Hindu commerce, 519. Precious metals, 520.
Coinage ; precious stones ; weaving, 520. Intoxicants ; spices ; perfumery, 521.
Commercial routes, 523.
CHAPTER IV
BRAHMANISM AND BUDDHISM
525
The origin and development of Brahmanism, 525. The Vedas, 529. Soul trans-
migration, 533. Buddhism, 535. Disappearance of Buddhism in India, 538. New
light on Buddhism, 542. The actual piety of the Hindus and the Hindu separation
of religion from fine morals, 545.
Racial and dynastic origins, 567. The land, 568. The people, 569. Character
of the empire of the Achæmenides, 570.
THE MEDIAN OR SCYTHIAN EMPIRE (700-550 B.C.)
. 573
The rise and fall of the Median Empire according to Herodotus, 573. The
Median Empire : a modern interpretation, 580. New light on the Medes, 583.
THE EARLY ACHÆMENIANS AND THE ELAMITES, CYRUS AND CAMBYSES
(836-522 B.c.).
587
The death of Cyrus, 593. Character and influence of Cyrus, 596. Xenophon's
estimate of Cyrus, 596. A modern estimate of the character and importance of
Cyrus, 597. Cambyses, 600.
THE PERSIAN DYNASTY : DARIUS I TO DARIUS III (521-330 B.C.) • 605
Darius I, 605. Organisation of Darius' empire, 607. Later conquests of Darius,
609. Affairs in Egypt since the Persian conquest, 611. Xerxes I, 614. The succes-
sors of Xerxes, 615. Darius II, 618. Artaxerxes II, 619. Artaxerxes III, 626.
The fall of the empire, 630. The old Orient at the end of the Persian Empire, 631.
Religion and social orders, 635. Organisation of the Persian court, 641. Ad-
ministration of the provinces ; financial system ; satraps, 645. Military methods,
652. The fine arts, 657.
662
A GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PERSIAN HISTORY .
· 663