by the artifice of a woman to assassinate his master, and without the remotest pretensions succeeded to his dignities; that Apollo was desirous to have this destruction of Sardis fall on the descendants of Croesus, but was unable to counteract the decrees of fate; that he had really obviated them as far as was possible, and, to show his partiality to Croesus, had caused the ruin of Sardis to be deferred for the space of three years; that of this Croesus might be assured that if the will of the fates had been punctually fulfilled, he would have been three years sooner a captive: neither ought he to forget that when in danger of being consumed by fire Apollo had afforded him his succour; that with respect to the declaration of the oracle, Croesus was not justified in his complaints; for Apollo had declared that if he made war against the Persians a mighty empire would be overthrown; the real purport of which communication, if he had been anxious to understand, it became him to have inquired whether the god alluded to his empire, or to the empire of Cyrus; but that, not understanding the reply which had been made, nor condescending to make a second inquiry, he had been himself the cause of his own misfortune: that he had not at all comprehended the last answer of the oracle, which related to the mule; for that this mule was Cyrus, who was born of two parents of two different nations, of whom the mother was as noble as the father was mean; his mother was a Mede, daughter of Astyages, king of the Medes; his father was a Persian, and tributary to the Medes, who, although a man of the very meanest rank, had married a princess, who was his mistress." This answer of the Pythian, the Lydians, on their return, communicated to Croesus. Croesus, having heard it, exculpated the deity, and acknowledged himself to be reprehensible. Such, however was the termination of the empire of Croesus, and this the recital of the first conquest of Ionia.e

BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS

[The letter a is reserved for Editorial Matter.]

CHAPTER I. THE HITTITES

CHARLES W. SUPER, from an article "A Decade of Hittite Research," in the American Antiquarian. Chicago, 1891. Vol. XXI.- 1c FRITZ HOMMEL, Die Semitischen Völker und Sprachen. - EDUARD MEYER, Geschichte des Alterthums. ERNEST BABELON, Manuel d'archéologie orientale. —PAUL KAROLIDES, Die sogenannte Assyro-Chaldäer und Hittiten von Kleinasien. - 9 A. H. SAYCE, Monuments of the Hittites. Anonymous so-called Poem of Pentaur. H. C. BRUGSCH, Thesaurus Inscriptionum Ægyptiarum. — PERROT and CHIPIEZ, Histoire de l'art dans l'antiquité. · * XANTHUS, Lydiaca.

h

CHAPTER II. SCYTHIANS AND CIMMERIANS

Paul KarolIDES, op. cit. - GEORGE GROTE, History of Greece. -HERODOTUS, The History of Herodotus (translated from the Greek by William Beloe). e EDUARD MEYER,

op. cit.THUCYDIDES, The History of the Peloponnesian War (translated from the Greek by Hobbes). STRABO, Tewpapıkά.

CHAPTER III. SOME PEOPLES OF SYRIA, ASIA MINOR, AND ARMENIA

1e

MAX DUNCKER, Geschichte des Alterthums. A. SOCIN, the article on "Syria," in the Encyclopædia Britannica. d The Holy Bible. STRABO, op. cit. — HERODOTUS, op. -9 XANTHUS, op. cit. - XENOPHON, Anabasis.

cit.

tannica.

CHAPTER IV. THE LYDIANS

PAUL KAROLIDES, op. cit.. GEORGE RADET, La Lydie et le monde grec au temps des Mermnades.-A. H. SAYCE, from the article on "Lydia," in the Encyclopædia Bri NICOLAS OF DAMASCUS, in Fragmenta Historicorum Græcorum, Fragment 4. 1J. A. CRAMER, Description of Asia Minor. —9 HERODOTUS, op. cit. — PLINIUS SECUNDUS, Historia Naturalis. — STRABO, op. cit. — STEPHANUS BYZANTINUS, Ethnica. - * DEMETRIUS OF SCEPSIS, Towiкòs diákoσμos. XANTHUS, op. cit.—m H. C. BRUGSCH, Geschichte Aegyptens unter den Pharaonen. H. SCHLIEMANN, Ilios.

APPENDIX A. CLASSICAL TRADITIONS

C

'JUSTIN, History of the World (translated from the Latin by T. Brown). — © PoмPONIUS MELA, The Rare and Singular Works of Pomponius Mela (translated from the Latin by A. Golding). DIODORUS SICULUS, The Historical Library (translated from the Greek by G. Booth).- HERODOTUS, op. cit.

A GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE HISTORY OF THE

MINOR NATIONS OF WESTERN ASIA

BASED ON THE WORKS QUOTED, CITED, OR EDITORIALLY CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THE PRESENT HISTORY

HITTITE HIEROGLYPHICS

The nations of Asia Minor, having a relatively unimportant position, have naturally not attracted the attention of historians to any such extent as their more important contemporaries. The Hittites, as already noted, are mentioned a few times in the Hebrew writings, and are referred to explicitly in the Egyptian records of Ramses the Great. But they had passed from the scene before the advent of the Greek historians, which fact accounts largely for the infrequent reference to them in modern times, until the decipherment of the Egyptian and Assyrian records brought them again to notice. A peculiar interest attaches to the Hittites now, since their own monuments have shown that they possessed a unique form of hieroglyphic writing. Professor Sayce has investigated this perhaps more fully than any other scholar; but various others have entered into controversies as to its exact character, controversies which as yet have led to no very definite conclusion.

Of the other nations of Asia Minor, the Lydians have received most attention from the historian. The chief known sources for Lydian history were the native historian Xanthus, whose works have mostly failed to come down to us; and Herodotus, whose stories of the Lydian kings, no doubt somewhat embellished, have been a source of interest to all subsequent investigators. In recent times special works on the Lydians have been written by Radet and by Schubert. Numerous travellers have given us more or less valuable notes on Asia Minor, chiefly of a geographical and archæological character. The best general treatment of the subject is to be found in the histories of antiquity of Duncker and Eduard Meyer. Duncker's treatment is more popular, but in some respects not quite up to date. Eduard Meyer's treatment is at once scientific and philosophical, but the first volume of his work has been out of print for some time, and the promised new edition is not yet forthcoming. The new archæological finds have given a fresh interest to the nations of Asia Minor, which will probably result in a much more voluminous literature on the subject in the near future.

Ainsworth, W. F., Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, London, 1842.

Babelon, E. Manuel, d'archéol. orientale, Paris, 1888. — Baer, K. E. von, Historische Fragen, 1873.-Barkley, A Ride through Asia Minor and Armenia, London, 1891.Belck, W., Beiträge zur alten Geog. und Gesch. Vorderasiens, Leipsic, 1901. — Belgiojoso, C. di T., Asie mineure et Syrie: Souvenirs de Voyages, Paris, 1858. Bergmann, F. H., Les Amazones dans l'histoire et dans la fable, Colmar, 1858. - Bertacchi, C., L'Asie Minore L'oriente e gli Armeni, Messina, 1896.- Billerbeck, A., Eine Studie zur alten Geschichte Westasiens, Leipsic, 1893.-Brockes, F., Quer durch Kleinasien, Gütersloh, 1900. - Brunnhofer, H., Vom Pontus bis zum Indus, Leipsic, 1890. — Bukowski, Y. von, Die geologischen Verhältnisse der Umgebung von Balia Maaden im nordwestl. Kleinasien (Mysien), Leipsic, 1892.- Buresch, K., Aus Lydien: Epigraphisch-geographische Reiseberichte (herausg. von O. Ribbeck), Leipsic, 1898.—Burnaby, F., On Horseback through Asia Minor, London, 1898.

Campbell, John, The Hittites: their Inscriptions, their History, Toronto, 1890, and London, 1891. Cara, P. Cesare A. de, Gli Hethei-Pelasgi, Rome, 1894. Choisy, A., L'Asie Mineure et les Turcs en 1875 (in Revue Archéol., nouv. sér., Vol. XXXII, Paris). - Conder, C. R., Heth and Moab, London, 1885; The Hittites and their Language, Edinburgh, 1898. Cramer, J. A., A Geographical and Historical Description of Asia Minor, Oxford, 1832, 2 vols.—Curtius, E., Beiträge zur Geschichte und Topographie Kleinasiens, Berlin, 1872.

Davis, E. J., Anatolica, London, 1874.-Diodorus Siculus, The Historical Library, London, 1700. Duncker, Max, Geschichte des Alterthums, Leipsic, 1855-1877, 6 vols. Fellows, Charles, An Account of Discoveries in Lycia, London, 1841; Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, London, 1852. - Fradenburgh, J. N., Old Heroes: The Hittites, New York, 1899. Fréret, N., Recherches sur la chronologie de l'histoire de Lydie (in Mém. Acad. Inscr.), Paris, 1725. — Fressl, J., Skythen Saken, Munich, 1886.

Gelzer, J. H., Das Zeitalter des Gyges (im Rhein. Museum, Vol. XXXV), 1880. — Georgiades, Smyrne et l'Asie Mineure, Paris, 1885. Goltz, C. von der, Anatolische Ausflüge, Berlin, 1896. — Grote, G., History of Greece, London, 1871, 10 vols. - Guillaume, E., and Perrot, G., Exploration archéologique de la Galatie et de la Bithynie, d'une partie de la Mysie, de la Phrygie, de la Cappadocie, et du Pont, Paris, 1872.

Halévy, J., Introduction au déchiffrement des inscriptions pseudo-hittites, Paris, 1893. - Hamilton, W. J., Researches in Asia Minor, London, 1842, 2 vols. - Head, B. V., The Coinage of Lydia and Persia, London, 1874; Historia Nummorum, Oxford, 1887. Hennig, R., Symbolæ ad Asia Minoris Reges, Sacerdotes, Ptolemonemque, Ponti reges, Leipsic, 1893. Herbedey, R. (in collab. with A. Wilhelm), Reisen in Cicilien, ausgeführt 1891-1892 (im Auftrag d. k. Acad. d. Wiss.), Vienna, 1897; (in collab. with E. Kalinka), Ein Bericht über zwei Reisen im südwestl. Kleinasien, Vienna, 1896. - Herodotus, Historiæ, Strassburg, 1816, 5 vols. Herwegh, D., Cogitationes philologicæ circa voces Scythicas etc. exhibitæ, Upsala, 1743.- Herzog, R., Koische Forschungen und Funde, Leipsic, 1899. Hirschfeld, G., Paphlagonische Felsengraber, Berlin, 1885; Die Felsenreliefs in Kleinasien und das Volk der Hittiter, Berlin, 1887.- Hommel, F., Notes on the Hittite Inscriptions (in Proc. Soc. of Bibl. Archæol., Vol. XXI); Die semitischen Völker und Sprachen, Leipsic, 1883. — Humann, K. (in collab. with Ó. Puchstein), Reisen in Kleinasien und Nordsyrien, Berlin, 1890.

Jensen, Peter, Hittiter und Armenier, Strassburg, 1898.-Justinus, Historiarum Philippicarum Libri XLIV, Venice, 1470. An epitome of Trogus Pompeius.

Kärger, Kleinasien, Berlin, 1892. Karolides, Paul, Die sogenannten Assyro-Chaldäer und Hittiten von Kleinasien, Athens, 1898. - Kiepert, H., Spezialkarte vom westlichen Kleinasien, Berlin, 1890.- Kretschmer, P., Einleitung in die Geschichte der griechischen Sprache, Göttingen, 1896.

Lanckoronski, C., Les villes de la Pamphylie et de la Lydie, Paris, 1890. — Langlois, S. A., Voyage dans la Cilicie et dans les montagnes du Taurus, Paris, 1861; Rapport sur l'exLantsheere, ploration archéologique de la Cilicie et de la Petite-Arménie, Paris, 1854. L. de, De la race et de la langue des Hittites, Brussels, 1891.-Leemans, C., Grieksche Opschriften uit Klein-Azie, Amsterdam, 1890.-Lennep, H. J. van, Travels in Little Known

Parts of Asia Minor, London, 1870, 2 vols. - Lenormant, F., Monnaies royales de la Lydie, Paris, 1876; La monnaie dans l'antiquité, Paris, 1863; (in collab. with E. Babelon), Histoire ancienne de l'orient jusqu'aux guerres médiques (9th edition), Paris, 1881-1888. — Lindau, P., An der Westküste Kleinasiens, Berlin, 1899.

Maerkher, C., Das Stromgebiet des untern Kyzyl-Yrmak (Halys), (in Zeitschr. d. Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, Vol. XXXIV, Berlin, 1899).-Mahaffy, J. P., The Greek World under Roman Sway, London, 1890.-Meinhard, F., Bahnen in Türkisch-Asien (in Deutsche Rundschau für Geogr. und Statistik, Vol. XXIV Vienna, 1901). — Mela, Pomponius, De situ orbis libri III (in Dionysius Alex. et, Pomp. Mela sit. orb. desc. 1577); Rare and Singular Works, London, 1590.- Ménant, J., Éléments du syllabaire Hetéen, Paris, 1895.- Mencke, Lydiaca, Berlin, 1843.-Messerschmidt, L., Bemerkungen zu den hittitischen Inschriften (in Mitteil. d. Vorderasiat. Ges., Berlin, 1898); Corpus Inscriptionum Hetticarum (in Mitteil. d. Vorderasiat. Ges., Berlin, 1901). - Meyer, E., Geschichte des Alterthums, Stuttgart, 1884-1902, 5 vols.; Geschichte des Königreichs Pontos, Leipsic, 1879.-Mitford, W., History of Greece, London, 1841.- Mordtmann, Die Amazonen, Hanover, 1862.-Müller, W. Max, Ein neuer Hetiterkönig (in Vorderasiat. Ges. Mitteil., Berlin, 1896).

Naumann, E., Vom goldenen Horn zu den Quellen des Euphrat, Munich, 1893. Neumann, Hellenen im Skythenlande, Berlin, 1855. - Newton, C. J., Travels and Discoveries in the Levant, London, 1865.

Oberhummer, R. (in collab. with H. Zimmerer), Durch Syrien und Kleinasien: Reiseschilderungen und Studien aus dem Jahr 1896, Berlin, 1898. Ohnefalsch-Richter, Max, Kypros, die Bibel und Homer, Berlin, 1893, 2 vols. Oppenheim, M. von, Bericht über eine im Jahr 1899 ausgeführte Erforschungsreise in der asiat. Türkei (in Zeitsch. Ges. f. Erdkunde, Vol. XXXVI); Vom Mittelmeer zum persischen Golf, Berlin, 1899-1900, 2 vols.

Pargoire, I., Inscriptions d'Asie mineure (in Bull. de corresp. hellénique, Vol. XXIII, Paris, 1899).-Peiser, F. E., Die Hetitischen Inschriften, Berlin, 1892. —Perrot, G. (in collab. with C. Chipiez), Histoire de l'art dans l'antiquité, Paris, 1882-1898. - Prokesch, Osten A. von, Denkwürdigkeiten und Erinnerungen aus dem Orient, Stuttgart, 1836. — Puch-stein, O., Pseudohethitische Kunst, Berlin, 1890.

Radet, George, La Lydie et le monde grec au temps des Mermnades, Paris, 1893.Ramsay, W. M., Historical Geography of Asia Minor (in Journ. of Hellenic Studies, London, 1890); The Cities and Bishoprics in Phrygia, Oxford, 1895-1897; Phrygo-Galatian Slaves (in Classical Review, London, 1898); A Study of Phrygian Art (in Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1889); Early Christian Monuments in Phrygia, ibid.; Syro-Cappadocian Monuments in Asia Minor, ibid.; Antiquities of Southern Phrygia (in Amer. Journal Arch., Vol. III-IV). — Rawlinson, George, A Manual of Ancient History, Oxford, 1869. — Reber, F. von, Die phrygischen Felsendenkmäler (in K. Bayr. Acad. d. Wiss., Vol. XXI, Munich, 1898); Kunstgeschichte des Altertums, Leipsic, 1871.-Reinach, S., Voyage archéologique en Grèce et en Asie mineure, Paris, 1890. Ritter, Kleinasien, Berlin, 1858-1859. — Rylands, W. H., A Complete Set of Hittite Inscriptions (in W. Wright's The Empire of the Hittites, London, 1884); Hittite Inscriptions (in Proc. Soc. of Bibl. Archæology, London, 1887, Vol. IX; 1898, Vol. XX).

Saint-Martin, Vivien de, Asie mineure, Paris, 1845, 2 vols. - Sayce, A. H., Notes from Journeys in the Troad and Lydia (in Jour. of Hellen. Stud., London, 1880); The Carian Language and Inscriptions (in Trans. Soc. Bibl. Arch., Vol. IX); Decipherment of Hittite Inscriptions (in W. Wright's The Empire of the Hittites, London, 1884); The Hittites, or the Story of a Forgotten Empire, London, 1890; Hittite Notes (in Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch., Vol. XXI, London, 1899). — Sarre, Reise in Kleinasien (in Forschungen zur seldjukischen Kunst und Geogr. des Landes, Berlin, 1896). - Savelsberg, Beiträge zur Entzifferung der lykischen Sprachdenkmäler, Bonn, 1874.-Schaffer, F., Geologische Studien im südöstl. Kleinasien (Kais. Acad. d. Wiss., Vol. CIX, pt. I, Vienna, 1900); Erkundungen und Routen-Aufnahmen im Gebiet des Kyzyl-Yrmak und Jeshit (in Zeitsch. d. Ges. f. Erdkunde., Vol. XXXIV); Das heutige Cilicien (in Anthropol. Ges. Mitteil., Vol. XXXI). — Scherzer, K. von, Smyrna, Vienna, 1873.-Schmidt, M., Neue lykische Studien, Jena, 1869.-Schubert, R., Geschichte der Könige von Lydien, Breslau, 1884.-Seiff, Reisen in der asiatischen Türkei, Leipsic, 1875.-Sebin, F., Recherches sur les roys de Lydie (in Mem. Acad. Inscr., Paris, 1719-1724).- Skeel, C. A., Travel in the First Century A.D., with Special Reference to Asia Minor, Cambridge, 1901.- Soltan, F., Zur Erklärung der Sprache des Volkes der Skythen, Berlin, 1887. Stark, K. B., Aus dem Reich des Tantalus und Kroesus,