PART V THE HISTORY OF PHOENICIA BASED CHIEFLY UPON THE FOLLOWING AUTHORITIES A. H. L. HEEREN, JOHN KENRICK, O. MELTZER, T. MOMMSEN, F. C. MOVERS, R. PIETSCHMANN WITH ADDITIONAL CITATIONS FROM APPIANUS ALEXANDRINUS, ARISTOTLE, ARRIAN, THE HOLY BIBLE, C. K. J. VON BUNSEN, PHILO BYBLIUS, QUINTUS CURTIUS, W. DEECKE, DIODORUS, MAX DUNCKER, ERATOSTHENES, EUPOLEMUS, ED. GERHARD, E. GIBBON, P. F. J. GOSSELIN, GEORGE GROTE, HANNO, HERODOTUS, F. HOMMEL, ISOCRATES, ST. JEROME (HIERONYMUS), FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS, JUSTIN, MENANDER OF EPHESUS, POMPONIUS MELA, B. G. NIEBUHR, J. P. PETERS, JAS. RENNELL, VICOMTE DE ROUGÉ, SALLUSTIUS, SANCHONIATHON, PLINIUS SECUNDUS, STRABO, THEOPHILUS, THUCYDIDES, GEORG WEBER, WILLIAM OF TYRE, H. WUTTKE, XENOPHON TOGETHER WITH AN INTRODUCTORY ESSAY ON THE INDIVIDUALITY OF PHOENICIAN HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF THE NAME BY RICHARD PIETSCHMANN THE history of both the Egyptian and the Babylonian peoples is closely bound up with the territorial history of a limited tract of land, while with the Phoenicians it is quite otherwise. Their history is in a far less degree the history of their land. Among all civilised nations of antiquity, Phoenicia was the first that, maintaining its national individuality and its form of civilisation, learned to become independent of the clod of earth upon which this individuality had been developed. It was the first that, by means of emigration and the founding of settlements, gained sufficient space to attain to full historical importance. Upon the determination of the balance of power of the old Orient, upon the political life of their neighbours, the petty states of this district in reality never exerted a positive influence. At the most, their existence and their policy of the moment helped in the decision of some questions of relatively small importance in the course of world-historic events. Would we be more interested in the history of Tyre and Sidon than in that of Gaza and Ashdod, if the first communication of the East with the West had not been opened chiefly by the Phoenicians; and if a Phoenician colony, Carthage, a most dangerous rival first to the Greek towns of Sicily, and afterward to the rising world-power of Rome, had not fought the bitter struggle for supremacy on the coast-lands of the western half of the Mediterranean-a struggle which, after a long past poor in feats of arms, immortalised the name of the Punic race? The fame that illuminates the figures of the generals Hamilcar and Hannibal is reflected on the history of the mother country. It is no new thing in the history of races for a reorganisation of the national life of an active people to take place in its colonies and emigrant fragments. We may cite the foundation of the states of the Veragri, and of the Normans, and the rise of the United States of America out of the settlements of New England. But, as these examples show, this seldom comes to pass without the evidence of considerable sacrifice of national individuality. Generally such new political formations involve at the same time a more or less complete change of national character, a great portion of which is sacri |