APPIANUS ALEXANDRINUS ON THE FOUNDING OF CARTHAGE BY DIDO

"The Phoenicians built Carthage in Africa fifty years before the sack of Troy. It was Founded by Xorus and Carchedon or as the Romans, and indeed the Carthaginians themselves, will have it, by a Tyrian Lady called Dido who (her Husband being privily murdered by Pygmaleon, Tyrant of Tyre, which was revealed to her in a Dream) conveyed aboard all the Treasure she could, and shipping herself with some Tyrians that fled from the Tyranny, came to Libya, to that place where now Carthage stands; and upon the people of that Countrie's refusal to receive them, they demanded for their Habitation only so much Land as they could compass with an Ox-hide. This proposition seemed ridiculous to the Africans, and they thought it a shame to refuse strangers a thing of so small consequence, besides they could not imagine how any Habitation could be built in so small a patch of ground, and therefore that they might have the pleasure to discover the Phoenician subtlety, they granted their request.

"Whereupon the Tyrians, taking an Ox-hide, cut it round about, and made so fine a thong, that they therewith encompassed the place where they afterwards built the Citadel of Carthage, which from thence was called 'Byrsa.' [Byrsa in Greek signifies a Hide.]

"Soon after by little and little extending their limits, and becoming stronger than their neighbours, as they were more cunning, they caused ships to be built to traffick on the sea after the manner of the Phoenicians, by which means they built a city adjoining to their citadel. Their power thus encreasing they became masters of Libya, and the circumadjacent sea; and at last making War upon Sicily, Sardinia and all the Islands of the Sea, and even in Spain itself, they sent thither Colonies, till at length, from so small a beginning, they formed an Estate comparable in Power to that of the Greeks, and in Riches to that of the Persians.e"

BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS

[The letter is reserved for Editorial Matter.]

CHAPTER I.A. H. L. HEEREN, Historical Researches. - R. PIETSCHMANN, Geschichte der Phoenizier. d The Holy Bible.- FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS, Ἰουδαϊκη ἀρχοιολογία. — ' HERODOTUS, Ιστορίαι. - JUSTIN, Historiarum Phüippicarum libri XLIV (epitome of Trogus Pompeius).-C. K. J. VON BUNSEN, Ægyptens Stelle in der Weltgeschichte. — MENANDER OF EPHESUS, Annals of Tyre (quoted in Josephus).

CHAPTER II. R. PIETSCHMANN, op. cit.- -CO. MELTZER, Geschichte der Karthager. - HERODOTUS, op. cit.— B. G. NIEBUHR, Lectures on Ancient History. The Holy Bible. -9 MENANDER, op. cit.

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CHAPTER III. F. C. MOVERS, Die Phoenizier. -MAX DUNCKER, Geschichte des Alterthums. R. PIETSCHMANN, op. cit.— JOSEPHUS, op. cit. - The Holy Bible. - HERODOTUS, op. cit. MENANDER, op. cit.-DIUS, CHETUS, THEOPHILUS, EUPOLEMUS, Fragments.

CHAPTER IV. JOHN KENRICK, Phoenicia. C HERODOTUS, The History of Herodotus (translated from the Greek by William Beloe). d XENOPHON, Cyropædia (translated from the Greek by J. S. Watson and Henry Dale).- DIODORUS SICULUS, The Historical Library (translated from the Greek by G. Booth). ARRIAN, History of Alexander's Expedition (translated from the Greek by Mr. Rooke).- QUINTUS CURTIUS, The Wars of Alexander (translated from the Latin by John Digby).- ISOCRATES,

Orations.

C

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CHAPTER V. JOHN KENRICK, op. cit. DIODORUS, op. cit. dSTRABO, The Geography of Strabo (translated from the Greek by J. Falconer and H. C. Hamilton). — E. GIBBON, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. - WILLIAM OF TYRE, Historia belli sacri. —9 SANCHONIATHON (see Bibliography under Court de Gébelin). — SAINT JEROME (HIERONYMUS), Commentarii in Iesaiam.

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CHAPTER VI. GEORGE GROTE, History of Greece. JOHN KENRICK, op. cit. &T. MOMMSEN, Römische Geschichte. MEYER'S Konversations-Lexikon.- E. GIBBON, op. cit. 9 THUCYDIDES, Συγγραφή. "SALLUSTIUS, Bellum Jugurthinum. ERATOSTHENES, Γεωγραφικά. — ISOCRATES, op. cit. - * POLYBIUS, Καθολική κοινή ἱστορία.

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CHAPTER VII. A. H. L. HEEREN, op. cit. . F. C. MOVERS, op. cit. & STRABO, op. cit. — DIODORUS SICULUS, op. cit. - STRABO, Tewуpapiκά. - HERODOTUS, op. cit.A PLINIUS SECUNDUS, Historia Naturalis.

CHAPTER VIII. b JOHN KENRICK, op. cit. R. PIETSCHMANN, op. cit.—a O. C. C. EMMANUEL DE ROUGE, Mémoire sur l'origine égyptienne de l'alphabet phénicien.. -W. DEECKE, Der Ursprung der Kyprischen Sylbenschrift. - H. WUTTKE, Geschichte der Schrift und des Schriftthums. J. P. PETERS, Nippur. -F. HOMMEL, Geschichte Assyriens und Babyloniens.— GEORG WEBER, Weltgeschichte. - HERODOTUS, op. cit. PLINIUS SECUNDUS, op. cit.' PHILO BYBLIUS (see Bibliography).—m EDUARD GERHARD, Auserlesene griechische Vasenbilder.

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APPENDIX A. HANNO, "The Periplus of Hanno.". JUSTIN, The History of the World (translated from the Latin by G. Turnbull). The Holy Bible. — • APPIANUS ALEXANDRINUS, The History of Appian of Alexandria (translated from the Greek by J. Dancer).-A. H. L. HEEREN, op. cit. 9 Himilco's Voyage of Discovery. Preserved through the Ora Maritima of Rufus Festus Avienus. POMPONIUS MELA, The Rare and Singular Works of Pomponius Mela (translated from the Latin by Arthur Golding). ARISTOTLE, Politics.- JAS. RENNELL, The Geographical System of Herodotus. — P. F. J. GOSSELIN, Recherches sur la géographie systématique et positive des anciens.

BASED ON THE WORKS QUOTED, CITED, OR EDITORIALLY CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THE PRESENT HISTORY; WITH CRITICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES

Åkerblad, J. D., Inscriptionis Phoenicia Oxoniensis nova Interpretatio, Parisiis, 1802; Notice sur deux inscriptions en caractères puniques, trouvées à Venise et sur les Varangues, Paris, 1804.-Appianus, 'Pouaïkn toTopía, Leipsic, 1785, 3 vols. (Book 7 deals with the Hannibalic Wars, and contains matter of great value to the student of Carthaginian history, chiefly because it is based on lost authorities.)-Aristotle, Пorikov, (ed. J. G. Schlossa), Lübeck, 1798.- Arri, Giannantonio, Lapide fenicia di Nora in Sardegna dichiarata (in Memorie della Reale Acad. di Torino, Vol. XXXVIII, pp. 59-106); Lettre à Quatremère sur une inscription latino-phénicienne de Leptis (in Journ. Asiat., Ser. III, Vol. 2, pp. 142176). Arrianus, IoTopíaι avaẞáoews Aλesávdpov, Lemgo, 1792-1811.-Avienus, R. F., Ora Maritima (a poem describing the shores of the Mediterranean from Marseilles to Cadiz, only a fragment of which is extant. The mention of Himilco's voyage of discovery gives it pertinence in the present connection. Avienus lived in the 4th century A.D.).

Babelon, E., et Lenormant, F., Histoire ancienne de l'orient, Paris, 1881-1888, 6 vols. (see particularly Vol. VI.); Manuel d'archéologie orientale, Paris, 1888; Carthage et l'archéologie punique en Tunisie (in Am. Journ. of Archeol., Vol. I, p. 173 et seq.). (The works of Lenormant all have a high degree of authority, and are noteworthy for their admirable style.) - Baier, J. J., Dissertatio historica de Phoenicibus eorum studiis et inventis, Jenæ, 1709.- Ball, C. J., The Origin of the Phoenician Alphabet (in Proceedings of the Soc. of Bibl. Arch., Vol. XV, pp. 392-408).- Bargès, J. J. L., Mémoire sur le sarcophage et l'inscription funéraire d'Eschmunazar, roi de Sidon, Paris, 1856; Mémoires sur trente-neuf nouvelles inscriptions puniques, Paris, 1852; Temple de Baal à Marseilles, ou grande inscription phénicienne découverte dans cette ville dans le courant de l'année 1845, Paris, 1847; Mémoire sur deux inscriptions puniques découvertes dans l'île du port Cothon à Carthage, Paris, 1849; Nouvelle interprétation de l'inscription phénicienne découverte par M. Mariette, dans le serapéum de Memphis (in Revue de l'orient, nouv. sér. III, p. 190); Observations sur les inscriptions phéniciennes du musée Napoléon III (in Journ. Asiat., Sér. VI, Vol. 2, 1863, pp. 161-195); Recherches archéologiques sur les colonies phéniciennes établies sur le littoral de la Celtoligurie, Paris, 1878. (Though somewhat antiquated, these works still possess a certain value for the student of palæography. The interest of the described inscriptions is largely due to the fact that the Phoenician alphabet is "the mother of all existing alphabets.")-Barthélemy (l'Abbé), Réflexions sur quelques monuments Phéniciens et sur les alphabets qui en résultent (in Mémoires de littérature, tirés des registres de l'acad. royale des inscr., Vol. XXX, 1764, pp. 405-426). - Baudissin, W. W. F. von, Studien zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte, Leipsic, 1876-1878 (a very important

contribution to the subject, based on original researches). - Bellermann, J. J. L., Phoenicia linguæ vestigiorum in Melitensi specimen, Berolini, 1809; Versuch einer Erklärung der punischen Stellen im Ponulus des Plautus, Berlin, 1808; Bemerkungen über die phonizischen und punischen Münzen, Berlin, 1812.-Bérard, Victor, Les Phéniciens et les poèmes homériques (in Revue de l'hist. des religions, Vol. XXXIX, pp. 173-228, 419-460, Paris, 1899). Berger, P., La Phénicie pour faire suite à l'écriture et les inscriptions sémitiques, Paris, 1881 (Extrait de l'Encyclopédie des sciences religieuses); Rapport sur les inscriptions puniques récemment découvertes à Carthage, Paris, 1877 (Extract from Archives des missions scientifiques et lit., Ser. III, Vol. 4, p. 145); La Bible et les inscriptions (Leçon d'ouverture), Paris, 1890. -Bertin, G., On the Origin of the Phoenician Alphabet, (in Orientalia Antiqua, I, 1, 1882).- Bertow, Typographie de Tyr.-Beulé, Nachgrabungen in Karthago, Leipsic, 1863.- Bible, The Holy (authorised version), London, 1611.- Bloch, A., Phönic. Glossar, Berlin, 1891.-Bockh, Aug., Urkunde über das attische Seewesen, Berlin, 1840. - Bonnemère, L., L'influence orientale en Bretagne, (in Soc. d'anthropol. de Paris, Bulletins, Sér. IV, Vol. 10, pp. 389-397).-Bourgade (l'Abbé) F., Inscriptions Phéniciennes, Paris, 1852; Toison d'or de la langue Phénicienne, Paris, 1856.- Bovet, F., Egypt, Palestine, and Phoenicia - a Visit, London, 1882. — Bredow, G. G., Untersuchungen über einzelne Gegenstände der alten Geschichte, Altona, 1800. — Brown, R., Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians, Oxford, 1900, 2 vols. Brugsch, H., Geographische Inschriften altägyptischer Denkmäler, Leipsic, 1857-1860, 3 vols. - Budd, Th., From the Deluge to the Christian Era, Norwich, 1890.

Cara, Cav. Gaetano, Sulla genuità degli idoli sardo-fenicii esistenti nel museo archeol. della regia università di Cagliari, Cagliari, 1875.- Carnena, A. A., Report on the Phœnician and Roman Antiquities in the Group of the Islands of Malta, Malta, 1882. — Cesnola, General Louis Palma di: Cyprus, Its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Temples; A Narrative of Researches and Excavations, London, 1877; Salaminia, Cyprus, etc., London, 1882. — Chabas, F., Études sur l'antiquité historique d'après les sources égyptiennes, Paris, 1873, 2nd ed. Church, A. J., Carthage, the Empire of Africa, London, 1886. - Clarke, J. C. C., The Origin and Varieties of the Semitic Alphabet, Chicago, 1887.-Clercq, de: Notice sur une stèle Phénico-Hittite (in Acad. des inscr., Comptes rendus, 1901). — Colonna Ceccaldi, G., Monuments antiques de Cypre, Paris, 1882. Court de Gobelin, Allégories orientales ou le fragment de Sanchoniathon, Paris, 1773. (The alleged Phoenician History of Sanchoniathon has come in for a large share of attention from students both of history and of literature. Fragments of what purported to be a translation of this work into Greek by Philo Byblius, who lived in the first century A.D., are preserved by Eusebius. It is in dispute whether such an author as Sanchoniathon really lived or whether the alleged translation was a forgery. Mention of the work will be found in other references of the present bibliography.). Crespin, V., Catalogo illustrato della raccolta di antichita sarde del Signor Raimondo Chessa, Cagliari, 1868.—Cumberland, B. R., Sanchoniathon's Phoenician History, with Eratosthenes' continuation, London, 1720. — Curtius, Quintus, History of Alexander the Great, Venice, 1471.

Davis, N., Inscriptions in the Phoenician character, London, 1863; Carthage and Her Remains, London, 1861; Ruined Cities within Numidian and Carthaginian Territories, London, 1862. Deecke, W., Der Ursprung der kyprischen Silbenschrift, Strassburg, 1877.-Delattre, R. P., Carthage et la Tunisie au point de vue archéologique, Tunis, 1883. Dérenbourg, J. and H., Les inscriptions phéniciennes du temple de Seti à Abydos, publiées et traduites d'après une copie inédite de M. Sayce (in Revue d'assyriol. I, 3, pp. 81-101).- Desjardins, E., Géog., histr., et administr. de la Gaule romaine, Paris, 1878 (Punic Inscr.). — Dietrich, F. E. C., Zwei sidonische Inschriften: eine griechische aus christlicher Zeit und eine altphönikische Königsinschrift, Marburg, 1855.-Diodorus Siculus, Bißionкη тоpiký, Amsterdam, 1746.-Donop, W. G. L. von: Das Magasanische Europa, Meiningen, 1819-1821, 3 vols.-Doughty, C. M., Travels in Arabia Deserta, Cambridge, 1888, 2 vols. - Drummond, Sir William, An Essay on a Punic Inscription found in the Island of Malta, London, 1810.- Duncker, M., Geschichte des Alterthums, Leipsic, 5th ed., 1878-1883, 7 vols. —Dureau dela Malle, A. J. C. A., Recherches sur la topographie de Carthage, avec des notes par M. Dusgate, Paris, 1835. Duvivier, F. F., Les Inscriptions Phéniciennes, Puniques, Numidiques, expliquées par une méthode incontestable, Paris, 1846, and ed. g. Nauck, Leipsic, 1871.

Euripides, Polvioσai, Florence, 1496.-Eusebius, Evσeßiov Tepi Tηs copavelas (edited by J. Migne), Paris, 1857. — Euting, J., Inschriftliche Mitteilungen (in Zeitschr. d. Deutschen Morgenländ. Ges., Vol. XXIX, 1875); Sammlung der karthagischen Inschriften,