...be considered as freeing them from responsibility or mitigating punishment," the Tribunal added 19 "The very essence of the Charter is that individuals...action moves outside its competence under international law." It is true that the Tribunal was bound by the provision in its Charter. But it is equally certain...

...punishment in appropriate proceedings." And it went on to lay down what may well be the pivotal point of the judgment: ". . .the very essence of the Charter is...pursuance of the authority of the state if the state in authorizing action moves outside its competence under international law".141 138 Ibid., pp. 219-222....

...national obligations of obedience imposed by the individual state. He who violates the laws of war can not obtain immunity while acting in pursuance of the authority of the state if the state in authorizing action moves outside its competence under international law." The Charter and Judgment...

...of law at the international level by enforcing what has come to be known as the Nuremberg Principle: "Individuals have international duties which transcend...pursuance of the authority of the state if the state in authorizing action moves outside its competence under international law."63 Conclusion: Revolution...

...behind their official position in order to be freed from punishment in appropriate proceedings. ... He who violates the laws of war cannot obtain immunity...pursuance of the authority of the state if the state in authorizing action moves outside its competence under international law. 167 That is to say, when international...

...added, in a passage of substantial significance to the development of international humanitarian law, that "individuals have international duties which...pursuance of the authority of the state if the state in authorizing action moves outside its competence under International Law."105 The Tribunal also dismissed...

...international duties that transcend the national obligations of obedience, imposed by the individual's State. He who violates the laws of war cannot obtain immunity while acting in pursuance of the authorithy of the State, if the State in authorizing the action moves outside its confines of international...

...not be considered as freeing them from responsibility, or mitigating punishment." On the other hand the very essence of the Charter is that individuals...pursuance of the authority of the state, if the state in authorizing action moves outside its competence under international law. It was also submitted on behalf...

...international law imposes duties and liabilities upon individuals as upon states has long been recognized ... the very essence of the Charter is that individuals...pursuance of the authority of the state, if the state in authorizing action moves outside its competence under international law." 202 The abovementioned Agreement...

...imposes duties and liabilities upon individuals as upon States has long been recognized ... ... [TJhe very essence of the Charter is that individuals have...pursuance of the authority of the State, if the State in authorizing action moves outside its competence under international law. Other military tribunals followed...