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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER 1.
THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST. THE THREE ATTACKS: NORTHERN
OR MORAL; WESTERN OR INTELLECTUAL; EASTERN OR MILITARY.
THE NORTHERN OR MORAL ATTACK ON THE ITALIAN SYSTEM, AND ITS TEMPORARY
REPULSE.
Geographical Boundaries of Italian Christianity.-Attacks upon it.
The Northern or moral Attack.-The Emperor of Germany insists on a
reformation in the Papacy.-Gerbert, the representative of these Ideas,
is made Pope.-They are both poisoned by the Italians.
Commencement of the intellectual Rejection of the Italian System.-It
originates in the Arabian doctrine of the supremacy of Reason over
Authority. The question of Transubstantiation.-Rise and develop-
ment of Scholasticism.-Mutiny among the Monks.
Gregory VII. spontaneously accepts and enforces a Reform in the Church.
-Overcomes the Emperor of Germany.-Is on the point of establishing
a European Theocracy.-The Popes seize the military and monetary
Resources of Europe through the Crusades.
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CHAPTER II.
THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST-(Continued).
THE WESTERN OR INTELLECTUAL ATTACK ON THE ITALIAN SYSTEM.
The intellectual Condition of Christendom contrasted with that of
Arabian Spain.
Diffusion of Arabian intellectual Influences through France and Sicily.
-Example of Saracen Science in Alhazen, and of Philosophy in
Aigazzali.-Innocent III. prepares to combat these Influences.-Results
to Western Europe of the Sack of Constantinople by the Catholics.
WITHDRAWN
The spread of Mohammedan light Literature is followed by Heresy.-
The crushing of Heresy in the South of France by armed Force, the
Inquisition, mendicant Orders, auricular Confession, and Casuistry.
The rising Sentiment is embodied in Frederick II. in Sicily.-His
Conflict with and Overthrow by the Pope.-Spread of Mutiny among
the mendicant Orders. Page 27
CHAPTER III.
OVERTHROW OF THE ITALIAN SYSTEM BY THE COMBINED INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL
ATTACK.
Progress of Irreligion among the mendicant Orders.-Publication of
heretical Books.-The Everlasting Gospel and the Comment on the
Apocalypse.
Conflict between Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII.-Outrage upon
and death of the Pope.
The French King removes the Papacy from Rome to Avignon.-Post-
mortem Trial of the Pope for Atheism and Immorality.-Causes and
Consequences of the Atheism of the Pope.
The Templars fall into Infidelity. - Their Trial, Conviction, and
Punishment.
Immoralities of the Papal Court at Avignon.-Its return to Rome.-
Causes of the great Schism.-Disorganization of the Italian System.—
Decomposition of the Papacy.-Three Popes.
The Council of Constance attempts to convert the papal Autocracy into a
constitutional Monarchy.-It murders John Huss and Jerome of
Prague.-Pontificate of Nicolas V.-End of the intellectual influence
of the Italian System
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CHAPTER IV.
THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST-(Concluded).
EFFECT OF THE EASTERN OR MILITARY ATTACK.-GENERAL REVIEW OF THE AGE OF
FAITH.
The Fall of Constantinople.-Its momentary Effect on the Italian
System.