OF THE

INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT

OF

EUROPE.

BY JOHN WILLIAM DRAPER, M.D., LL.D.,
Professor of Chemistry in the University of New York, Author of a
"Treatise on Human Physiology," "Civil Policy of America,"
"History of the American Civil War," &c.

REVISED EDITION, IN TWO VOLUMES.

VOL. II.

NEW YORK AND LONDON:

HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS,

CB

53

D8

1918
433117

v. 2

HISTORY OF THE INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPE
Copyright, 1876, by HARPER & BROTHERS

Copyright, 1904, 1918, by ANTONIA DRAPER DIXON

Printed in the United States of America

G-U

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST. THE THREE ATTACKS: NORTHERN

OR MORAL; WESTERN OR INTELLECTUAL; EASTERN OR MILITARY.

THE NORTHERN OR MORAL ATTACK ON THE ITALIAN SYSTEM, AND ITS TEMPORARY

REPULSE.

Geographical Boundaries of Italian Christianity.—Attacks upon it.

The Northern or moral Attack.-The Emperor of Germany insists on a

reformation in the Papacy.—Gerbert, the representative of these Ideas,

is made Pope.-They are both poisoned by the Italians.

Commencement of the intellectual Rejection of the Italian System.-It

originates in the Arabian doctrine of the supremacy of Reason over

Authority. The question of Transubstantiation.-Rise and develop-

ment of Scholasticism.-Mutiny among the Monks.

Gregory VII. spontaneously accepts and enforces a Reform in the Church.

-Overcomes the Emperor of Germany.-Is on the point of establishing

a European Theocracy.—The Popes seize the military and monetary

Resources of Europe through the Crusades.

Page 1

CHAPTER II.

THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST- -(Continued).

THE WESTERN OR INTELLECTUAL ATTACK ON THE ITALIAN SYSTEM.

The intellectual Condition of Christendom contrasted with that of

Arabian Spain.

Diffusion of Arabian intellectual Influences through France and Sicily.

-Example of Saracen Science in Alhazen, and of Philosophy in

Algazzali.-Innocent III. prepares to combat these Influences.-Results

to Western Europe of the Sack of Constantinople by the Catholics.