Aquæ, complaints of the clerics of, against Edward I. of England, i. 305
Aquileia, duchy of, incorporated into Charle- magne's empire, i. 28
Aquinas, Thomas, the friend and companion of St. Louis, i. 273
Brittany by force of arms, 367. Defeats the | Antwerp besieged by the Prince of Parma, iii. Bretons at the battle of St. Aubin, 368. 199. Retained by France, v. 223. Siege of, Concludes the treaty of Sablé, 369. But 476, 477 again advances into the duchy, 369. Con- cludes a peace with Maximilian at Frankfort, 369. Magnanimity of Louis XII. to her, 395. Her daughter married to the son of Gilbert of Montpensier, 395. The succession to the Duchy of Bourbon settled upon them, 395. Encourages her son-in-law, Bourbon, to rebel, 476. Her death, 476 Annebaut, Admiral, trusted by Francis I. with the military organisation, ii. 550. Sent to invade Roussillon, 553. Escapes from Italy over Mont Cenis, 559. Sent on a mission to Charles V., 568. Appointed coadjutor to the regent, Catherine of Medicis, 608 Annuities, terminable, Colbert's, iv. 52. tontine, created, 203
Anon, garrison of, taken by the French and put to the sword, ii. 405
Antioch besieged and taken by the first Cru- saders, i. 108. Failure of the Turks to relieve it, 109. Boemond declared prince of, 110. Raymond becomes prince of, 139 Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme and King of Navarre, openly favours the Hugue- nots, ii. 643; iii. 10. Marries Jeanne d'Al- bret, heiress of Navarre, ii. 643, 644; iii. 10. His intrigue with Spain, ii. 644; iii. 10. His estrangement from Henry II. and from the Guises, ii. 644; iii. 10. His character, 10. His conduct at the accession of Francis II., 10. Advised to claim his authority at court, 10, 12. Sent on an errand to Spain, 13. Declines to attend the assembly of notables at Fontainebleau, 27. Goes to court with his brother, who is arrested, 31. Reconciled to Catherine de Medicis, 33. In- sulted by President Le Maître, 38. His opposition to the court, 39. Conciliated with the lieutenant-generalship of the kingdom, 40. His hesitation between the confession of Augsburg and the tenets of Calvin, 42. Results of his treachery and folly, 50, 51. Becomes the foe of Catherine of Medicis, 50. Won over by the triumvirate, 51. Takes up Guise's quarrel as his own, 54. Killed be- fore Rouen, 69. His plans for the reformation of the Roman, and liberation of the Gallican, Churches, 79, 80
Antoine, Faubourg St., fight between Condé and Turenne in the, iii. 623. The King warned of the insurrection brewing in, iv. 489. Proceedings of the insurrection, 490 et seq. The mob enter the National Assembly, 491. Enter the Tuilleries, and insult and threaten the King and Queen, 493, 494. Pétion harangues and expels them, 494 Antonia, St., capture of, by the royalists, iii.
Aquitaine, conquest of, by Clovis, i. 5. Be comes almost independent under Eudes, 14. Who checks the advance of the Saracens, 14. Passes under Frank domination, 16, 17. Ea tirely reduced by Pepin the Bref, 20. The Aquitan mode of defences, 20. The duchy abolished by Charlemagne, 26. The govern ment entrusted by Charlemagne to his son, 31. Subjugated by Louis the Fat, 126, 127. The daughter of the last Duke married to Louis VII., 128. Goes with Queen Eleanor to Henry II. of England, 140. Rebellion in. against Henry, 145. Causes of this, 145. Homage done by Richard, son of Henry II. of England, to Louis VII. for, 146. Mis- government of Richard, 155. Given by Richard I. of England to Otho of Saxony, 162. War of invasion and conquest carried into, by Philip II., Duke of Burgundy, 526. Taken from the English, 532. The ducky acquired by Louis, Duke of Orleans, ii. 53. The English driven from, by Charles V. of France, 109. Restoration of the duchy promised, but delayed, 109
Arabs, introduction of their learning from Spain into Toulouse, i. 172. See Saraens Arago, M., his testimony against Polignac, v. 429. His benevolent endeavours to save Po- lignac, 430. Urges Marmont to suspend hos- tilities, 398. Waits on Louis Philippe with recommendations, 471. His rudeness, 471. One of the Provisional Government, 596. Minister of Marine, 605. Becomes one of the New Republican ministry, 618. Heads the insurrection of the 13th of June, 1849, 642 Aranda, Count d', commands the Spanish Army sent against Portugal, iv. 286
Arche, Pont de l', taken from the English, ii. 225 Archers, English, at the battle of Crecy, i. 427, 428
Archers, franc, ii. 223. Abolished, 340 Archevêché, proceedings at the, iv. 577, et seq. Arcis, battle of, v. 226 Arcola, battle of, v. 25 Arcueil, burned by Sir Robert Knollis, i. 526 Ardennes, a French army led through the, ii. 39 Ardres burnt by the English, ii. 477 Arena, conspirator, arrested and executed, v. 98, 99
Arenberg, Count d', commands reinforcements sent by the Duke of Alva into France, iii. 97 Argenson, Count d', becomes chancellor and
His robbery Arrests Law, Introduced
finance minister, iv. 166, 171. of the national creditors, 176. 176. But ejected by him, 176. by Fleury into the council, 225. Deprecates conquest, 235. His foreign policy, 235. Dis- placed, 244. The Encyclopédie' dedicated to, 258. Endeavours to provoke hostilities to England, 261. Dismissed, 268. Argenson, M. d', his conciliatory policy de- nounced, v. 272. Elected a deputy, 283. Joins the conspirators of Befort, 315, et seq. Argonne, forests and defiles of, occupied by Dumouriez, iv. 533
Argout, M. d', minister of finance, v. 499 Argyle, Duke of, at Malplaquet, iv. 103 Arisch, El, fortress, taken by Buonaparte, v. 48. Peace of, 93
Aristocracy of the Franks, i. 10, et seq. Rise of a landed and feudal, under the Carlovingians, The power of the noblesse undermined, 304. Recovery of their influence and power, 305. See Nobility.
Arles, rebels against Charles of Anjou, i. 243. But submits to him again, 243. The Bishop of, murdered at the Carmes, iv. 526 Arlington, Lord, sent on a mission to Louis XIV. in Holland, iii. 682
Armagnac, Louis d', Duke of Nemours. See Nemours.
Armagnac, Count of, defends Toulouse against the Black Prince, i. 455. Allows the Black Prince to ravage the country, 455 Armagnac, Count of, his enmity to De Foix, governor of Languedoc, ii. 11. Joins the Or- leans alliance against the Duke of Burgundy, 80. His influence over the Gascons, 80. Chosen chief of the Orleans party, 80. Marches towards Paris, 81 Conclusion of the peace of Bicêtre, 82. Which is imme- diately ruptured, 83. March of Armagnac into the north, and ravages of his followers, 83. Peace concluded between the Orleanists and the Burgundians, 88. Armagnac retires to the south, 89
Armagnac, Count of, joins Charles VI. on his journey from Rouen to Paris, ii. 117. Girded with the sword of Constable of France, 118. His vigorous administration of his office, 118. Attacks the English garrison of Harfleur,
Defeated by them at Cany, 119. Re- turns to Paris, 119. And puts down a Bur- gundian conspiracy, 119. His oppression of the people of Paris, 119. Sends an allied French and Castilian fleet to blockade Har- fleur, 120. His fleet defeated by the Duke of Bedford, 120. Charges the Queen with disso- luteness, and causes her arrest, 121. Sends the French vessels to ravage the English coast, 122. War declared by Henry V. of England and John, Duke of Burgundy, 122. Armagnac's obstinate courage, 123. Straits
to which his party were reduced, 123. His resistance to peace, 123. Determination of the Parisians to shake off his tyranny, 124. Thrown into captivity, 124. Dragged out and murdered by the populace, 125. Treat- ment of his body, 125. His character, 142. Armagnac, Count of, his dispute with the Count of Faix, respecting the county of Comminges, ii. 214. Offers to hand his sovereignty over to Henry VI. of England, 214. His rebellion overcome by the Dauphin, who takes him prisoner, 219. Attacked and driven across the Pyrenees by Charles VII., 242. Par- doned by Louis XI., 253. Joins a league against Louis XI., 267. Engages in treason against Louis XI., 296. Compelled to fly into Spain, 296. He and his countess mur- dered by Louis XI., ii. 307 Armagnac, a follower of Henry of Navarre, iii. 171
Armagnac, Bastard of, has the county of Com- minges from Louis XI., ii. 253 Armagnacs, the, ii. 80-82. Their ravages in Picardy, 85. Driven out by the Duke of Burgundy, 85. Taken at St. Cloud, and put to death, 85. Rise of the Languedocians against them, 86. Endeavours of the King to come to peace with them, 100. Their re- turn to power, 101. Masters of Paris, 102. March with the King against the Duke of Burgundy, 102. Besiege and sack Soissons, 102, 103. Lay siege to Arras, but make peace with the Duke of Burgundy, 103. Stipulate with the King of England to re- store him Aquitaine, 109. Their losses on the field of Agincourt, 117. Charged by the Duke of Burgundy with the death of the Dauphin, John, 121. Straits to which the party was reduced in 1418, 123. Mas- sacred in Paris, 124, 125. The last of the family drowned in blood, 337
Armies, character of the, of the twelfth century, i. 152. The cottereaux, or mercenaries, of that period, 155. Mode of raising feudal armies, 264. Military regulations of St. Louis, 264 Army, the first French regular, formed, i. 539 Army, French, military expenses in the time of Philip of Valois, i. 417. Employment of foreign mercenaries, 417. The French army compared with the English, 418, 431. Com- position of the French army at the time of the battle of Crecy, 430. Regulations of John II. of the mode of French war ser- vices against the enemy, 447. Establishment of a standing, in France, ii. 204, 205. Resis- tance of the nobles to the tax levied for its maintenance, 205. Demands of the nobles as to its management, 209. Charles VII.'s reforms, 222. A standing army established by Charles the Rash, Duke of Burgundy, 308. The franc archers abolished, 340. The
fatal consequence of standing armies under- stood at the time of Louis XI., 350. Demand of the French nobility to command regiments and garrisons, 359. Military arrangements of Louis XII., 399. Difference between the French and Spanish armies at the beginning of the sixteenth century, 409, 418. The army of the time of Francis I., 570. Im- provements of Admiral Coligny, iii. 11, note. Ordonnance of Henry IV. to check the dis- organisation of the army, 320. Remodelled by Henry IV., 373. Decline of the import- ance of the cavalry and corps d'élite, iv. 38. Tactics adopted at the end of the sixteenth century, 44. The French infantry compared with others, 44. The army of 1701-2, 85. Forçats enrolled, 85. Reductions of the Duke de Noailles, 160. Condition of it, in the seventeenth century, 304. Improvements in the army in 1775, 348. Alienation of the military noblesse, 349. Repugnance of the soldiers in 1788 to engage in combat with the people, 401. Not to be depended on, 411. Under Dumouriez, invade Austria and Belgium, 484. Coalesce with the insurgents to overawe the court, 487, et seq. Massacres committed by the army of Vaucluse at Avig- non, 498. For campaigns of, under BUONA- PARTE and his generals, refer to their names. Refuse to obey Duc d'Angoulême, 413. For later campaigns see Louis Philippe, Napo- leon, Louis.
Arnaud, Abbott of Citeaux, Papal legate, or- dered by Pope Innocent III. to proclaim a crusade against the Albigenses, i. 176. His cruelty at Beziers, 178. His treatment of Raymond of Toulouse, 180. Put to death by the Albigenses, 224.
Arnaud, Père, dissuades violence against Marie de Medicis, iii. 423.
Arnaud, pastor of the Waldenses, leads his flock back to their valleys, iv. 40 Arnaud, St., minister of war, v. 656. Opposes measures for apportioning the army, 658 Arnay le Duc, engagement between the Hugue- nots and Catholics at, iii. 109
Arnold of Brescia, condemned by the Pope to perpetual silence, i. 136
Arnoux, Father, Jesuit confessor to Louis XIII., iii. 432
Arnulph, St., Bishop of Metz, father of Pepin
Arnulph, assumes the imperial dignity in Ger- many, i. 51. Destroys the Norman entrench- ment on the Dyle, 51
Arnulph, Count of Flanders, causes of his quarrel with the Normans, i. 57. Assassin- ates Duke William of the Long Sword, 57 Arnulph, a kinsman of the last Carlovingian, betrays Laon, i. 77. Elected Archbishop of Rheims, 78. Hands the town over to his
kinsman, 78. Seized by Hugh Capet, 78. Appeals to the Pope, as his only judge, 79. Language in which his plea was rebutted, 79. Deposed from his see and imprisoned, 80. Released by Robert Capet, 80
Arona, endeavours of Bonnivet to take, ii. 480. Arques surrendered to the French, ii. 226. Battle of, iii. 257
Arragon, the French driven out of, iv. 106 Arras, combatants of, in the time of Philip Augustus, i. 153. Muster of Philip the Fair's army at, 328. Opposition of the people of, to the fiscal measures of John II., 456. Suburbs of, burned by Sir R. Knollis, 526. Besieged by the royalists and Armag- nacs, ii. 103. But peace concluded, 103. Meeting of the English and Burgundian plenipotentiaries at, 135. Negotiations at, between Charles VII. of France and the Duke of Burgundy, 188. Appearance of the town at this time, 189, 190. Terms of the treaty concluded at, 192. Breaches in the treaty repaired, 222. The town refuses, after the death of Charles the Rash, to admit a French garrison, 329. The city, but not the town, handed over to him, 331. The envoys from the town put to death by him. 335. His cruelty to the townsmen, 335. The town in the hands of the Spaniards, iii. 328. Besieged, and surrenders to Riche- lieu, 520. Besieged by Condé and the Spaniards, 635. The siege raised, 635 Arrière-ban, feudal levy of, re-organised, ii. 223 Arteveld, James, Froissart's account of, i. 400.
Rise of Ghent under him, 400. His recep- tion of the envoys from Edward III. of England, 401. His father-in-law murdered by the French, 401. Joins Edward III. with 40,000 men in invading France, 409. Mur- dered by the people of Ghent, 421 Arteveld, John van, sent by Edward III. with an army to Bayonne, i. 415
Arteveld, Philip van, elected chief of the insurgent citizens of Ghent, ii. 18. His vigour and severity, 19. Besieged in Ghent,
His advice to the beleaguered citizens, 20. His defeat of the Count, and capture of Bruges, 21. Assumes the Flemish title of ruler or regent, 25. And lays siege to Oude- narde, 25. An army marched by Charles VI. of France against him, 26. Artereld offers to acknowledge English suzerainty, 26. Invasion and ravages of the French, 27. Ar- teveld raises the siege of Oudenarde, 27. And marches to Roosebecque, 27. Where he is defeated and slain, 28
Arthur, son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, his claim to the Dukedom of Brittany, Maine, and An- jou, i. 163. His claim disputed by his uncle, King John of England, 163. Sent by his mother to the keeping of Philip Augustus,
163. Brittany given to him, 163. Lays siege to Mirabeau, 164. Surprised and made prisoner by his uncle, King John, 164. Who causes him to be murdered, 164 Arthur, Count of Richmond (brother of the Duke of Brittany), taken prisoner at Agin- court, ii. 114. Married to a sister of the Duke of Burgundy, 147. Causes of his dis- like of the English court, 152. Rallies to Charles VII., 152. Created Constable of France, 153. His activity, 153. Defeated by the English at St. Jacques de Beauvoir, 153. Puts the King's favourites, Giac and Camus, to death, 153. His political and military exploits, 154. Forbidden the court, 154, 155. Takes Bourges, 155. Joins Jeanne d'Arc on the Loire, 168. Compelled to absent himself from the coronation at Rheims, 169. Arranges the assassination of La Tremouille, 187. Invests the English in Paris, which opens its gates to the Royalists, 194. Levies a subsidy on the people, and adulterates the coin, 195. Rides on the King's right hand into Paris, 195. Levies aids and subsidies on the Parisians, 202. Drives the English from Meaux, 203. Summoned to court to advise the King as to the suppression of the Praguerie, 206. Brings reinforcements to the French in South Normandy, 227. And defeats the English at Formigny, 228
Articles, General, of the Huguenots, granted by Charles IX., iii. 117
Artillery gradually being introduced into France, i. 414. Used by the Spaniards and Italians, 414. And by the English under Lord Derby, 420. Cannon first used at Crecy, 427. Again at the siege of Calais, 433. John Bureau's improvements in, ii. 201. At Caen and Castillon, 228, 230. The immense bombard of Charles the Rash, 319. His 113 cannon lost at Granson, 321 Artois, Count d', brother of Louis XVI., startled by Lafayette, iv. 389. His unpopu- larity, 391. Demands Brienne's dismissal, 402. Lands at Isle Dieu, and raises the revolt in La Vendée, v. 14. Deserts the Ven- deans, 15. His character, 237. Demands the dismissal of Decazes, 301. See Charles X. Artois, county of, made over to the King of France, i. 149. Given by Louis VIII. to his son Robert, 200. Opposition of the people of, to the fiscal measures of John II., 456. Reverts to the Dowager Duchess of Flanders, 500. Ceded to Philip III. of Burgundy, ii. 192. Its loyalty to the Duchess of Burgundy, 337. Brought in dowry to the Dauphin, afterwards Charles VIII., 341. Army collected by Maximilian I. for the conquest of, 365. Restored, 375. Conquered by Richelieu, iii. 520. Acquired
by Louis XIV. in the treaty of the Pyre- nees, 643
Arts in France, the school and era of the Re- naissance, ii. 509
Arundel, Duke of, sent by Henry IV. of Eng- land to the assistance of the Duke of Bur- gundy, ii. 85
Arundel, Earl of, governor of Rouen, escapes from the city, ii. 186. Placed in command of an army, 188. Killed, 188
Arundel, John, lost in an expedition against Brittany, i. 550
Aspern, battle of, v. 163, 164 Assas, Captain d', his self-sacrifice, iv. 280, note Assassination practised by Guise's followers,
Assassins, the, of the Old Man of the Moun- tain, iii. 198
Assembly, Legislative, detail of its proceed- ings: its origin, iv. 466. Fear, its charac- teristic, 466. Its composition, 467. Cha- racter and ability of its members, 467. Formed principally of the Gironde, 467, 468. Its first acts show fear of losing public respect, 468. Their disrespect to Louis XVI., 469. Their differences with . the King, 469. Send commissioners to La Vendée, 470. Their debates at first limited to the emigrés, nonjuring priests, finance, and the colonies, 470. Repeal the gabelle, &c., 470. Their colonial policy, and the Slave question, 471. Their decrees against emigrés and priests, 472. Its moderate members guide the King, 472. Resisted by the Court, which determines to do without it, 473. Influence of Count Narbonne on, 473. Influence of Brissot on, 474, et seq. Advocate a war policy, 474-477. Concoct the Austrian despatch, 477. Establish their high court of justice, 478. Prosecution of the King's ministers, 478. Narbonne dis- agrees with, but does not lose its confidence, 479. Decree the imprisonment of Brissac and the breaking up of the King's constitu- tional guard, 480. The Gironde ministry, 481. Influence of parties, 482. Their dis- union fatal to the revolution, 483. War declared against Austria, and Belgium in- vaded, 484. Unsuccessful termination of this campaign, 484. Suspicions of the King, 485. Liberation of the Swiss soldiers, of the Châteauvieux regiment, 485, 486. Popular leaders plot to terrify the king, who dismisses Gironde ministers and Dumouriez, 486.
Roland's letter to the King, 487. Adopt Servan's proposition for a camp of 20,000 to overawe the King and Court, 487, 488. Insurrection of the Faubourg St. Antoine, 489, et seq. Declare Avignon united to France, 498. Army of Vaucluse, and massacres committed by, at Avignon,
498. Louis arraigned by the Girondists, 499. Reconciliation of parties, 500. De- thronement of the King demanded, 500-503. The camp of the Federals at Paris, 502. Order all the troops out of Paris, and break the King's guard, 503. Intrigues of the Gironde, 504. Manifesto of the Duke of Brunswick, 505. Hypocritical conduct of the King warrants his suspension, 506. Uncertain conduct of, 506. Arrival of the second batch of Fédérés, 506. Sections press for the King's dethronement, 507. Vote the acquittal of Lafayette, 508. Interrupted in their deliberations, 508. Insurrection of August 9, 508, et seq. King presents him- self to, seeking their protection, 513, 514. They depose the King, and commit him to the Temple, 514, 515. Their measures for government, and humane treatment of the King, counteracted by the Jacobins, 518, 519. Appoint a ministry, 518. Overawed by Robespierre and Marat, 519. Massacres at the prisons, 524, 525. Merge into the 'Convention,' 518-535
Assembly, National, opening of the, in 1789,
iv. 413, 415. Shut out from the great hall, 417. Their oath in the ball-court, 417. Assemble in the church of St. Louis, 417. Their defiance of the King, 419. Joined by the nobles, 420. Take the part of the muti- neer guards, 421. Visit of the King to the Assembly, 426. Proposals of the nobility for self-spoliation, 431. Attempts of Bar- nave and Mounier to coalesce, 433. Con- fiscation of church property, 446. Judges declared elective, 448. Reforms in the army, 448. Civil constitution of the clergy, 449. The executive power declared by the Assembly to be in their own hands, 459. The Feuillants and Jacobins, 461. Acces- sion of the Royalists, and dissolution of the Assembly, 465
Assembly, the New, proclaim a republic, and appoint a new government, v. 617. List of the ministry, 618. Warned by Lamartine on the exclusion of the Socialists, 619. Pro- pose a national fête, but defeated, 619. Warned of a tumult, 620. Their measures lead to a new revolution, and to their disso- lution, 620-622. Reinstated by the Garde Mobile, 622. Majority of the Assembly dissatisfied with a Republican government, and the madness of the Clubbists, look out for a new ruler, 623. Their eyes turned towards the heir of Napoleon, 623. Re- ject demand for his exile, 624. Their measures respecting the workmen, 624, 625; insurrection of the Ateliers, 626. Invest Ge- neral Cavaignac with dictatorial power, 627. The insurrection put down, 628-630. De- clare General Cavaignac chief of the execu-
tive, 630. Cavaignac's cabinet, 630. Their measures towards Socialist journals and pri- soners, 630-633. Shall the Assembly go- vern? 633. In these discussions of the 'presidency,' Louis Napoleon accepts candi- dateship for that office, 635. Elected presi- dent, 635. Aim of the new president to get rid of, 637. Message of the president to, 646. Revival of Socialism, 648. Appoint a commission to watch over the Republic, 649. The chiefs rally round Changarnier, 650. Required to revise the constitution, 650. Oppose the president, and reject the supplementary dotation, 651, 652. Intend to coerce Louis Napoleon in the matter of the presidentship, 653. Appeal to Chan- garnier for protection, 653. Again appealed to by the president, 653. Petitions to, in favour of the re-election of the president, 654. Project of the coup d'état, 655. Mes- sage of the president, 656. Divided coun- sels in the, 657. Majority resolve not to grant the president, ni un écu ni une heure,' 657. Proposal to summon army to its sup- port, 657. Opposed by St. Arnaud, 658. Declare the president hors la loi, 659. The coup d'état, 660. Its prominent members arrested, 661. Decree of the president, 661. Adopt different modes of opposing him, 663. Republican members arrested by De Morny, 663. Two hundred members of, pass a vote that Louis Napoleon had forfeited his office, 663. Arrest of members of, 663, 664. The Assembly dissolved, and the Second Empire rises on its ruins, 661-665, et seq. See also Deputies, Chamber of; Lamartine; Napo- leon, Louis; Republicans.
Assiento, the, obtained by England, iv. 117 Assignats, issue of, by the Directory, v. 6. Association, National, rise of the, v. 443 Associations, Secret, attempt to put down, v. 481 Asti given by Charles V. to the Duke of Savoy, ii. 519. Formally demanded of the Emperor by Francis I., ii. 533
Ateliers, State-, their abolition proposed, v. 625. Their insurrection, 626-630. The prisoners déportés, 632
Atheism of the middle of the eighteenth cen- tury, iv. 289 Auberoche, fortress of, taken by Lord Derby, but besieged again by the French, i. 420. Who are routed by Derby and Sir W. Manny, 420 Aubiers, Les, victory of, iv. 599 Aubigné, D', follower of Henry of Navarre, iii.
Aubigny, M. d', seizes and imprisons Mr. Prit- chard, v. 557
Aubin des Cormiers, St., battle of, ii. 367 Aubin, St., truce of, i. 215 Aubriot, Hugh, provost of Paris, his improve- ments in the city, ii. 14. Charged with heresy,
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