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"whole of the following day in drinking; but found himself, "a short time afterwards, so much out of health, that he "came to the resolution of abstaining altogether from liquor. "It was in the course of the week following that abstinence "from his usual habits, that he had the disease. It kept ""increasing for several days till I saw him, allowing him "no time for rest. Never was he able to get rid of these "shadows by night when in bed, nor by day when in mo"❝tion; though he sometimes walked miles with that view, "and at others got into a variety of company. He told me "he suffered even bodily pain, from the severe lashing of a waggoner with his whip, who came every night to a particu"lar corner of his bed, but who always disappeared when he 'jumped out of bed to retort, which he did several nights "successively. The whole of this complaint was effectually "removed by bleeding with leeches and active purgatives. "After the first employment of these means, he saw no more phantoms in the day time; and after the second, only once "saw his milkman in his bed-room, between sleeping and waking. He has remained perfectly rational and well ever "since, and can go out in the dark as well as ever, having re"ceived a perfect conviction of the nature of ghosts.''

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The phrenological theory of these facts is very simple. The brain consists of a congeries of organs, each of which manifests a particular power of the mind. Among these organs one serves to perceive Form; another Colour; a third Size; while other and distinct faculties and organs experience emotions and reflect. Each faculty being active, produces the special kind of ideas which it is fitted to form ; and each may become active by an internal stimulus of its organ. The organs may be excited by an unusual influx of blood into the vessels which supply them; by inflammation; or by nervous irritation. If the organs of Form, Colouring, and Size were stimulated into excessive activity, by any of these causes, the mind would be presented with the kind of conceptions which each of them, by its natural constitution, is fitted to produce; or, in other words, Forms, invested with the attributes of Colour and Magnitude, would be presented involuntarily to the mind. If the organs of the reflecting faculties did not participate in the affection, their functions would not be disturbed, and the mind would feel and reflect in a state of perfect sanity. It is almost unnecessary to point out how completely this theory accord

with and explains the foregoing phenomena; the most striking feature in all of the cases having been that the mental disease extended only to particular classes of conceptions, and that the other functions of the mind remained unaffected. This indicates irresistibly that there must be distinct organs, by means of which different mental operations are accomplished; for if the organ of mind were single, it is against all logic to suppose that it can be both deranged and sound at the same time.

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Dr Hibbert's theory is different. He says, "The essen"tial view of the mind which I have adopted in preference to every other, is that of the late much-lamented professor of mo"ral philosophy in the university of Edinburgh. Dr Brown, in "considering the mind as simple and indivisible, conceives "that every mental feeling is only the mind itself, existing in 66 a certain state."* He does not favour us with any theory concerning the organs of the mind, or inform us with what part of the body he conceives it to be immediately connected. He enters into some observations upon the blood, from which he draws the general conclusion, that "the corpuscules of "the vital fluids possess within themselves an inherent dilatabi"lity and contractility, by the alternate force of which they are "enabled to act upon the elastic coats of the vessels of the hu

man body." "It would appear, that, with an increase of "the volume of the circulating fluid, a general sense of plea"sure is experienced." P. 11. He afterwards mentions several facts, from which he draws the conclusion," that with the vary"ing force of the sanguineous influence, the degree of intensity "which takes place in the qualities of our mental state keeps $6 a remarkable pace."

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"A distinction is always made," says he, "between those "states of the mind which are induced when causes impressing our organs of sense are present, and those which occur as re"vivals of prior mental states; the former being termed sensa"tions, the latter ideas, or, more correctly, renovated feelings. "Sensations and renovated feelings differ essentially in nothing

but degree. Thus, the latter are less intense, less vivid, or "fainter, than the former. This distinction is acknowledged "by all metaphysicians." P. 15. After adverting to the effects of nitrous oxid gas, and the febrile miasma of Cadiz and

The reader is referred to No II. of this Journal, p. 206, for the phrenological view of the mind and its different faculties.

Malaga, on the mental sensations and ideas, he adds, "Our " inquiry will now perhaps be found not wholly devoid of in"terest. A pathological principle in this investigation has "been established, that when sensations and ideas are, from "some peculiar state of the sanguineous fluid, simultaneously "rendered highly intense, the former arrive at a certain height of vividness, and gradually become fainter, while the "latter, in an inverse ratio, increase in vividness; the result "being, that recollected images of thought, vivified to the "height of actual impressions, exclusively, or nearly so, con"stitute the states of the mind." P. 18.

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In the commencement of chapter 8th, Dr H. observes, "Our researches have hitherto been confined to the blood, " which we have considered as giving rise, from its own independent chemical properties or bulk, to certain intense states of the mind. It is now of importance to inquire "if similar effects may not be referred to nervous influence." And he proceeds to the consideration of " spectral illusions arising from inflammation of the brain." He regards the nerves as producing "numerous changes on the blood, and "with them equally numerous states of the mind;" but we cannot discover that he regards the mind as connected with any particular part as its organ, the changes on the condition of which affect the states of the mind. He treats also of

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spectral illusions resulting from the highly-excited states of particular temperament,"-" from the hysteric temperament;"-" from neglect of accustomed periodical blood letting,"" also those which occasionally occur in hectic symptoms," "those which arise from febrile and inflammatory affections,"-" from a highly-excited state of nervous "irritability acting generally on the system," and " from hy"pochondriasis."

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We leave Dr Hibbert's theory to the judgment of the reader, with very few remarks. If the blood be in the condition which vivifies recollected images to the height of actual impressions, how does it happen that it does not vivify the feelings, and the conceptions formed by the reflecting faculties to an equal or to any uncommon extent? According to the phrenological theory, it would not produce this last effect, unless it excited the organs of Propensity, Sentiment, and Reflection, as well as those of the knowing or perceptive faculties; but Dr H. admits no such views. In the next place, similar causes operating in similar circum

stances ought to produce similar effects; and yet, out of a hundred patients whose blood is in a state similar to Nicolai's, or who are affected with hysteria, hectic symptoms, nervous irritability, &c., perhaps only one will see visions. This proves that there is some particular circumstance present when visions are seen, which Dr H. has omitted, and the absence of which, in the ninety-nine cases, is the cause why this effect does not follow. The Phrenologist is not embarrassed with such an inconsistency; for these diseases may exist in innumerable instances, without being attended with spectral illusions, if they do not attack the particular mental organs whose function is to excite such perceptions. Finally, Dr Hibbert would have done well to have explained how the mind can be insane in some points, and yet so sane in other respects as to perceive its own disease, if "every mental feeling is only the mind itself, exist❝ing in a certain state."

Without wishing to detract from the merits of Dr Hibbert as a man of science, we must say, that we have rarely seen a work intended for a theory or philosophical elucidation of phenomena, more defective in principle and consistency than the one before us; and, nevertheless, it has been cried up in periodical journals as a masterpiece of learning. The facts, that an author of Dr Hibbert's attainments has offered such a production to the public as scientific, and that they have received it as such, are highly valuable, as ascertaining the actual extent of philosophical knowledge concerning the phenomena of mind possessed even by educated men in the present day, and they will be referred to as a proof of the value of the contribution made by Dr Gall to science by his discovery of the functions of the different parts of the brain. It is amusing to us to observe, that in Dr Hibbert's work, Phrenology is never once alluded to; and that every species of inconsistency is preferred to the simple and satisfactory view of the subject afforded by this science. This, we believe, constituted the chief merit of the work in the judgment of the other journalists, many of whom being unfortunately committed against Phrenology, grasp eagerly at any prop to

support their reputation, which they imagine must fall in portion as the system rises.

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Finally, Spectral illusions are experienced by some individuals in the absence of bodily disease, and apparently in consequence of a mere peculiarity of cerebral development. When the part of the brain lying between Ideality and Imitation, named by Dr Spurzheim, Surnaturalite, and by us "Wonder," is very large, a tendency to see visions is a common accompaniment. Dr Gall mentions, that Dr Jung Stilling, whom he often saw with the late Grand Duke of Baden, was a tailor in his youth, then a tutor, and afterwards doctor in medicine, moralist, divine, journalist, illuminatus, and visionary; and in him this part of the brain was largely developed. He believed firmly in apparitions, and wrote a book in exposition of this doctrine. In the Maison de Detention at Berne, Dr Gall saw a fanatic who believed that Jesus Christ, surrounded by a brilliant light, as if a million of suns had combined their splendours, had appeared to him to reveal the true religion. A gentleman who moves in the best society in Paris, asked Dr Gall to examine his head. The doctor's first remark was, "You sometimes see visions, "and believe in apparitions." The gentleman started from his chair in astonishment, and said, that he had frequent visions; but never, up to this moment, had he spoken on the subject to any human being, through fear of being set down for being absurdly credulous.-On another occasion, Dr Gall, when he observed the development of the head of Dr W., said, that he ought to have a strong liking for the marvellous and supernatural. "For once," replied he, "you are com

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pletely mistaken, for I have laid down the rule, to believe "in nothing which cannot be mathematically demonstrated.” After talking with him on various scientific subjects, Dr Gall turned the conversation towards animal magnetism, which appeared a fit topic to put the mathematical rigour of his proofs to the test. He instantly became greatly animated, assured Dr Gall again very solemnly, that he admitted nothing as true that was not mathematically demonstrated; but added,

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