Animal Locomotion; Or Walking, Swimming, and Flying: With a Dissertation on Aëronautics

action aërial albatross animal arms and legs arrangement artificial wave artificial wave wing artificial wing ascends bat and bird biped blades body bones Borelli Compare with fig concave convex depressed described downward dugong effective stroke elastic band elastic ligaments elbow-joint elevating and propelling elytra extended feet figure-of-8 curves fins fish flexed flexion flight flying foot force gannet glide horizontal direction humerus inclined planes increased insect wing joint kite less lever limbs long axis machine manner Marey motion move movements muscles muscular muscular system natural wing nervures oblique oscillate pectoral fins pinion porpoise portions position posterior margin posterior or thin produced quadruped rapidity remarkable resistance reverse rigid root rotation sail screw sea-bear shoulder-joint side Sir George Cayley speed spiral swimming tail thick margin tion trunk universal joint upward direction upwards and forwards velocity vertical vibrate walking waved track wedge weight wing descends