formerly slaves. Upward of two hundred of the liberated Africans who have been, or who now are residents of New Georgia, were sent to Liberia by the United States Government at different times. Many of these have married persons who were born in the United States, and have thereby become more strongly identified with the Liberians as citizens of the Republic. Some of them are partially educated, and a few years ago one of them occupied a seat in the Legislature. As most of the citizens of New Georgia have taken the oath of allegiance, they are permitted to enjoy equal immunities with other citizens.

8. Caldwell is situated on the southern side of the St. Paul's River. The whole settlement, which is divided for convenience into Upper and Lower Caldwell, is about six miles in length, extending along the bank of the river, the nearest part to Monrovia being about nine miles distant. The houses are from one hundred yards to a quarter of a mile, or more, apart; and, of course, this settlement has not much the appearance of a town. Some of the most enterprising farmers in Liberia reside at this place. The land about Caldwell is generally remarkably productive.

CHAPTER IV.

SETTLEMENTS.

1. VIRGINIA, or New Virginia, as it is sometimes called, is a new settlement, commenced in the early part of 1846. It is also on the St. Paul's River, opposite Caldwell. This is the site of the United States receptacle for liberated Africans, erected in 1847.

Kentucky is an agricultural settlement between Virginia and Millsburg, on the northern bank of the St. Paul's River, commenced a few years ago.

2. Millsburg is the farthest settlement from the sea-coast of any in Liberia. It is situated on the northern bank of the St. Paul's River, about fourteen miles from its mouth, and about twenty miles from Monrovia. Like the other farming settlements, the houses generally are separated at a considerable distance from one another, so that the whole township extends about a mile and a half along the bank of the river. Millsburg is perhaps the most beautiful and one of the most healthy locations in Liberia. The land is remarkably good and of easy cultivation. A flourishing female academy is in operation at this place, under the care of Mrs. Wilkins, missionary of the Methodist Episcopal Church. And on the opposite side of the river is White Plains, a mission station of the same church.

3. Besides these settlements, there are numerous other points along the St. Paul's River which are occupied by farmers, so that the banks of this beautiful stream present in many places the appearance of agricultural industry and comfort.

4. Marshall is situated at the mouth of the Junk River, about thirty-five miles south of Monrovia. Most of the houses in this place are built along the sea-shore. This place is particularly noted for the manufacture of lime, which is obtained altogether from oyster and other shells. Most of the lime that is used in Liberia is made in the vicinity of Marshall. The river at this place abounds in oysters, and though they are not quite equal to those procured in some parts of the United States, yet they are quite palatable when properly served up.

5. Edina is located on the northern bank of the St. John's River, about half a mile from its mouth. It is handsomely situated, and in reference to the healthiness of the location it is perhaps equal to most others in Liberia. Some of the citizens of Edina are engaged in the cultivation of exportable articles of produce.

6. Buchanan is located at the junction of the Benso River (a small stream) with the St. John's, nearly opposite

Edina. Several of the citizens of this place also have given considerable attention to the cultivation of coffee, arrow-root, and ginger during the last few years. A steam saw-mill introduced in 1851 is in successful operation at this place.

A new settlement has recently been formed at the site of the one destroyed by Grando, a native chief, and his allies, in November, 1851, near Fish Town, a native village, about three miles below the mouth of the St. John's River.

7. Bexley is situated on the northern side of the St. John's River, about six miles from its mouth. This place, like the settlements on the St. Paul's River, occupies a considerable extent of territory. It is divided into Upper and Lower Bexley, both together extending about four miles along the river. Bexley is a fine farming settlement, the land is excellent, and the location is comparatively healthy. Several of the citizens of this place are pretty actively engaged in cultivating articles for exportation. This is certainly one of the most interesting settlements in Liberia. The mission of the Baptist Board of Foreign Missions is located at this place, also the headquarters of the Southern Baptist Mission.

CHAPTER V.

SETTLEMENTS.

1. GREENVILLE is, situated at the mouth of the Sinou River, about one hundred and thirty miles by sea southeast of Monrovia. Like the settlement of Marshall, most of the houses are located along the sea-shore. Greenville presents a handsome appearance from the anchorage. It is one of the most healthy settlements in Liberia. The land in the immediate vicinity of Greenville, and indeed

of all the other settlements near the sea-shore, is much inferior to that on the banks of the rivers several miles from their entrance into the ocean. Consequently, those persons who expect to live by "the sweat of their brow," in the cultivation of the soil, will find it greatly to their advantage to locate beyond the sound of the breaking surf of the ocean. A steam saw-mill is in operation at this settlement-the first one introduced into Liberia.

2. Readsville, Lexington, and Louisiana are farming settlements on or near the Sinou River, from two to five miles above Greenville. In every settlement there is one place or more of public worship, in which religious services are regularly held. And in nearly every settlement there is one regular day and Sunday-school, or more. The principal deficiency in the system of education in Liberia consists in the inability to procure the services of a sufficient number of competent teachers. There are several very good schools at Monrovia and some of the other settlements, but the facilities for thorough intellectual training are not commensurate with the wants of the people in all the settlements.

3. As the census has not been taken for several years, I can not give the exact population of the different settlements, and the exact aggregate population of the Republic. The whole number of inhabitants of the Republic, exclusive of the natives, is probably at present about seven thousand. The native population is probably about two hundred thousand, many of whom have adopted habits of civilized life; and many of the youth of both sexes have enjoyed, or are enjoying, advantages of education.

The colony of" Maryland in Liberia," which has always maintained a distinctive character, and which has always been under a different government from the Republic of Liberia, was established in the early part of the year 1834. Ever since that period it has continued to progress in interest and importance, and at present it occupies a prominent position as an asylum for the proscribed descendants

of Ham, to whom the siren song of "My native land" loses its mellowing cadence in the thrilling patriotic sound of "Sweet land of liberty."

5. This interesting colony is located about two hundred and fifty miles by sea southeast from Monrovia. Harper, the principal town or settlement, is situated near the point of the cape (Cape Palmas, a bold projecting promontory, which is one of the most prominent points or landmarks on the western coast of Africa); and from the anchorage it presents a handsome appearance. At the distance of about half a mile from Harper is the town of East Harper, in which are several beautiful sites for residences, commanding a fine view of the ocean and of the adjacent hills and vales. Between these two villages there are two large native towns, comprising several hundred houses, which present a marked contrast with the comfortable-looking dwellings of the colonists.

6. At the distance of about two and a half miles beyond East Harper is another settlement, called Tubmantown. Most of the land near the road between these two villages is occupied by the colonists, so that on both sides of this highway many neat little cottages may be seen, and many handsome gardens and small farms.

The whole population of Maryland in Liberia, exclusive of aborigines, is about one thousand.

CHAPTER VI.

CLIMATE AND SEASONS.

1. THE territory of Liberia being within a few degrees of the equator, of course the nature of the climate is essentially different from that of the United States, the vicissitudes of spring, summer, autumn, and winter not being