duct of Col. Bouquet, has been remarked; but we cannot, with justice to the subject, submit it, without letting the chiefs be fully heard. Notwithstanding the Shawanese had, by their deputy, assented to the demands of the colonel, as far as they could under present circumstances, they were considered "still out in rebellion," and remained to be treated with. They had shown "a dilatoriness and sullen haughtiness in all their conduct, which rendered it very suspicious." "Accordingly, a separate conference was had with them on the 12 November, when there appeared the chiefs, KEISSINAUTCHTHA and NIMWHA, with the RED HAWK, LAVISSIMO, BENSIVASICA, EWEECUNWEE, KEIGLEIGHQUE, and 40 warriors. There were also present, the Caughnawaga, Seneca, and Delaware chiefs. RED HAWK was chief speaker of the Shawanese, and he thus addressed the English:

"Brother, listen to us, your younger brothers. As we see something in your eyes that looks dissatisfaction, we now clear them. You have credited bad stories against us. We clean your ears, that you may hear better hereafter. We wish to remove every thing bad from your heart, that you may be as good as your ancestors. [A belt.] We saw you coming with an uplifted tomahawk in your hand. We now take it from you, and throw it up to God Let him do with it as he pleases. We hope never to see it more. Brother, as you are a warrior, take hold of this chain [handing a belt] of friendship, and let us think no more of war, in pity of our old men, women, and children. We, too, are warriors."

The remarkable figure made use of in this speech, of throwing the hatchet up to God, is new; and it was remarked by Thomas Hutchins, who heard it, that by it the speaker wished probably to be understood that, by this disposition of it, it would be out of the reach of bad men, and would be given only to the party in future, to whom the right of revenge belonged; whereas if it were buried in the ground, any miscreant might dig it up.

The English did not much like the talk of RED HAWK; they saw no supplication, but a manly independence, which they ought to have admired, rather than reprobated. That the Indians, especially the Shawanese, did not acknowledge themselves entirely in the wrong, is evident from their producing at this time, through their speaker, the treaty made with Pennsylvania in 1701, and three messages or letters from that government, of different dates, by which they undoubtedly intended to show that the English had been guilty of barbarities as well as the Indians. However, RED HAWK promised, on behalf of his nation, that all the prisoners should be delivered up at Fort Pitt the next spring.

Col. Bouquet finding no more prisoners could be obtained, owing, as has been stated, to their being scattered with their masters upon very distant hunting grounds, gave up his campaign, and returned to Philadelphia, where he arrived in the beginning of January, 1765. Before leaving "these remote parts," however, the colonel gave the Indians a talk, in which he observed, that what the Shawanese had said would have been agreeable to him, provided their acts had corresponded with it. He reminded them that they had promised, at Tuscarawas, a month before, that all the prisoners should be delivered to him at his present encampment in 10 days, and demanded what right they had to expect better terms than the Delawares and others, who had, without delay, brought in their captives. This was rather unreasonable on the part of the colonel, inasmuch as he was well aware that he was pressing an impossibility. "But," he says, "I will cut this matter short with you; and before I explain myself further, I insist on your immediate answer to the following questions: 1st. Will you collect and deliver up all the prisoners, taken in this or former wars, whether French, English, or negroes, and without any exception or evasion whatsoever? 2d. Will you deliver 6 hostages into my hands as security for the performance of your promise, and as a guaranty that your people shall commit no more hostilities on his majesty's subjects?"

BENSIVASICA said the Shawanese would comply, excepting as regarded the French; but over them they had no control, and the English might do with them as they pleased; but he believed they had nearly all returned to their own country. And here it will be proper to remark that the captives were

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RED HAWK-CAPT. PIPE.

[Book V delivered at Fort Pitt agreeable to this treaty. After the hostages were delivered, Col. Bouquet remarked to them, "that though he had brought the tomahawk in his hand, yet as they had now submitted, he would not let it fall on their heads, but let it drop to the ground," and exhorted them to be kind to the prisoners, and said he should send along with them some of the friends of the captives, to aid in the collection of them. At the same time the chief's of the other tribes present, severally addressed the Shawane chiefs, whom they called grandchildren and nephews, and urged them "to perform their promises, and be strong in doing good, that this peace might be everlasting.” These transactions occurred on the 12 November, 1764.

In the narration of the delivery of captives on the 9 of the same month, the relation of a captive was passed over, which shall here be given. A Mr. Smallman, who had been a major of Pennsylvania troops, and had been made prisoner in the summer of 1763, near Detroit, by the Wyandots, who delivered him to the Shawanese, was among those surrendered at that time. He proved of great service to the whites, as well as Indians, on this occasion, by being able to confirm much of the information given by the latter. He told Col. Bouquet that all the Indians who had heard of his demand had come on immediately with their captives. It had been reported among the Shawanese that the object of the English was to put them all to death. As soon as this news came to be circulated among them, they began to prepare to kill all the captives; and a French trader among them, who had many barrels of powder and ball, offered it all to them to go out and fight the English army. When they were about to commence murdering the prisoners, the message from the colonel was received, stating that he only wanted the captives and to make peace with them, and thus a horrid tragedy was prevented. Soon after, when many prisoners had been collected, and marched as far as Wakautamikie, news came that a soldier had been killed near the camp of the army at Muskingum. This the Indians thought would blast all their hopes of mercy, and they again resolved to put the captives to death; and when they had even got them into a small compass for that purpose, another express arrived from Col. Bouquet, which assured them that he had no suspicion that they had any knowledge of the murder, and thus a second calamity was happily averted.

Several eminent chiefs, it will have been perceived, make their appearance in this part of our work, and to them we can add the name of HOPOCAN, or CAPT. PIPE. He was one of the two Indians whom we have mentioned as having been detained as spies at Fort Pitt; the name of the other was CAPT JOHN. These were set at liberty when the 206 captives were given up. Of the melancholy and barbarous murder of RED HAWK, notice has been taken. The causes of this war were well known in England, and the complaints of the Indians were acknowledged "to have been too well founded." They had long watched the progress of settlements upon the Susquehannah, and the building of forts in their country, against treaty stipulations. They had not only submitted to this, but to treatment the most insolent. They resolved, in the spring of 1763, to drive back their oppressors; not, however, without first remonstrating in respectful terms to the English, in one of their capitals, through a deputation of their chiefs. Here they declared that whatever deeds might be produced by one J. H. Lydias of Albany, or others, pretending to claim lands upon the Susquehannah, they were utterly false, and would not be allowed; and that they would defend them to the last extremity. The result we have seen.

Thus we have traced the events of Pontiak's war to its close—a glorious termination, inasmuch as it was a bloodless one. Many years of comparative peace ensued; indeed the troubles with the Indians were not very serious for the next ten years. Cresap's war was the next, which terminated in the sanguinary battle of Point Pleasant. Then succeeded the calamities of the Revolution, from which the Indians never recovered.

APPENDIX.

EXISTING CONDITION OF THE EXPATRIATED INDIAN TRIBES, 1859.

The Indian tribes west of the Mississippi occupy the territory bounded by the Red river and the Nebraska, between the 34th and 40th degrees of north latitude, and the 94th and 100th degrees of west longitude. The Cherokees hold 15,000,000 acres on the north bank of the main channel of the Arkansas river, and an adjoining tract of 300,000 acres; the Choctaws and Chickasaws own jointly 15,000,000 acres; and the Creeks and Seminoles 13,140,000 acres. Adjacent, on the east, are the Quappas, possessing 96,000 acres of land; the Senecas, owning 67,000 acres ; and the mixed Senecas, holding 100,000 acres. The latest census returns present an aggregate population of 97,657, exclusive of the indigenous tribes within the same area of territory, which number 7,355 persons; but, as these returns are not of recent date, and as the tribes have, meanwhile, been increasing and prospering, the gross population of the four most important tribes, the Choctaws, Cherokees, Chickasaws, and Creeks, with the affiliated Seminoles, may now be estimated to exceed 100,000 souls. Mr. Schoolcraft, who explored this territory in 1819, thus narrates its peculiar characteristics and advantages:

"Geologically viewed, its surface consists of a drift deposit of sand, loam, clay, marl, and comminuted gravel, arising from the broken down silurian series, in which the leading strata of sandstone, limestone, and slate, are the parent elements. Over this, deposits of leaves, of the decayed forms of organic life, and of carbonaceous matter from the forests, have formed a rich mould, making the soil mellow and easy to cultivate. Much of it is level, or lying in gentle slopes, unencumbered with a heavy forest, difficult to be removed by the axe. It is, nevertheless, well watered, and there is a full supply of timber for building fences, and for firewood.

Among the advantages of the country may be mentioned the saline formation. Salt springs exist in many localities, and this geological trait is attended with the usual accompaniment of this formation, namely gypsum and coal. The discovery of efflorescent bodies of salt on the prairies, originated the onco prevalent opinion that masses of rock-salt were deposited beneath the soil. Through these beds, which lie on gently sloping hills and in valleys, the Red river, the Washitaw, the Arkansas, and the Kanzas, flow out of, or from the direction of, the Rocky mountains, and, with their numerous affluents, water the entire country; the Missouri washes its borders for several hundred miles; the Red river bounds its southern line to the distance of six degrees of longitude; and the States of Missouri and Arkansas lie between its eastern limits and the Mississippi.

“Geographically, this great tract of arable land is bounded by the Ozark hills, or mountains, a very broad midland range, resting on azoic rocks, extending from the Hot Springs of Arkansas, to the head waters of the River St. Francis, of Missouri. At both terminal points there arises a series of these rocks; that at the south, consisting of slate, schist, and quartz; and at the north, of granite, sienite, trap, and porphyry. Superimposed upon these, and frequently concealed altogether for a considerable distance, are the characteristic sandstone and limestone formations of the region. Through these the Red river, Washitaw, Arkansas, White river, and St. Francis, pursue their way to the Mississippi, producing rapids, but no striking falls. Con59 (697)

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THE EXPATRIATED TRIBES.

nected with this central upheaval of the old rocky strata, are developments of mineral wealth.

"Of the climatic phenomena of the Indian territories, thus bounded, we cannot speak from instrumental observations. It may suffice to observe that travellers, official agents, and missionary teachers, all concur in describing the climate as mild, genial, and favorable to the growth of all the varieties of cereals and esculents. The cotton plant thrives, and is cultivated in the southern portion. Wheat and Indian corn are its staples; and grazing is nowhere more profitably pursued. Its water-power is sufficient for the purposes of mills and manufactories."

The industrial condition and resources, the governmental polity and moral status of the four principal tribes cannot be better exhibited to the reader, than as set forth in the language of Mr. Armstrong, the western superintendent of Indian affairs. We will quote from his report to the government in detail:

Choctaws and Chickasaws. - The Indians of the former tribe have long since justly acquired for themselves, not only from the Government of the United States, but from the citizens with whom they have intercourse, a name for honesty and fidelity, at least not surpassed by any of our Indian tribes. They have, by a steady attention to their own business, since they emigrated to their present homes, greatly increased in wealth; they have not been unmindful, at the same time, of educating the rising generation, and they have, by these means, added to the general intelligence and standing of the nation. This favorable change is indicated more clearly on Red river than with that portion of the nation on the Arkansas; and the wealth as well as the intelligence of the nation are confined mainly to the two districts on Red river.

The Choctaws may be considered as an agricultural and stock-raising people-farms on Red river will compare with any in the States. They have great advantages over other tribes, as a portion of their country is located in the cotton region. The past year they cultivated this valuable staple to a considerable extent; they have eight or ten cotton gins, and shipped between 700 and 800 bales of cotton. Many of the Choctaws live in comfortable houses, and, with very few exceptions, even the poorer class have good, substantial log cabins. They own large stocks of horses, cattle, hogs, and sheep, which constitute the wealth of those who may be termed the poorer class. It is rare indeed to find a family that has not a good supply of stock; and the richer class, in addition to stock, own, many of them, a number of slaves, who are engaged generally in cultivating cotton. The manufacture of salt is carried on at two points in the Choctaw nation. The works owned by Col. David Folsom, a Choctaw of respectability and energy, are perhaps the most extensive; about twenty bushels a day are manufactured a supply equal to the demand, which no doubt will be increased as the article is wanted.

The Choctaws have mechanics in the nation, in addition to those furnished by the United States. These consist of four blacksmiths, two of whom are native Choctaws, and all the strikers or assistants are youths selected from the nation. There is also a millwright, who has been engaged in erecting mills for the Choctaws. Trade is carried on at suitable and convenient places in the nation. The most extensive trading is at Doaksville, within a mile of Fort Towson. There are five stores at this place, three of which are owned, in part, by Choctaws; the other two are exclusively owned by citizens of the United States. The stocks of goods are large, and the assortments such as are usual in stores - - sugar and coffee being used by all classes in the nation, to an extent at least equal to the whites. It may not be uninteresting to state, that the village of Doaksville is one of the most orderly and quiet towns that may be found in the West. In addition to the five stores, there are a resident physician, a good tavern, blacksmith's shop, wagon-maker, and wheelwright; a church has also been erected, in which there is preaching usually once or twice every Sabbath, by the missionaries who reside in the neighborhood; a temperance society is also organized, which numbers a large portion of the most respectable Choctaws and Chickasaws, as well as our own population. I have been at this village a week at a time, without seeing anything like ardent spirits or a drunken Indian.

The Choctaws and Chickasaws, to a great extent, may be regarded as one people; they speak the same language, and intermarried with each other, even before the emigration of the Chickasaws. By an arrangement between the tribes, the Chickasaws obtained what is now called the Chickasaw district of the Choctaw nation, making a fourth district, entitling them to an equal representation in the general council, which passes all laws for the government of the people. They enjoy equal privileges, according to the treaty, to settle in whatever district they may choose, and each to vote and be eligible to any office within the gift of the people. The only difference is, that each tribe manages its own annuities or public moneys without any interference from the other. The country owned by the Choctaws, according to the treaty and the patent received from the department, commences near Fort Smith. running up the Arkansas to the mouth of the Canadian, up the same to the limits of the United States, and with those limits to Red river, down the same to where a due south line, from the beginning near Fort Smith, will strike the Red river, which is the dividing line between the State of Arkansas and the Choctaws. The line from the Canadian to the Red river has not been run. The Choctaws are governed by written laws and a constitution; elections are held annually for members to the general council. The nation is divided into four districts (one being the Chickasaw). Each district elects, by the qualified voters, a chief, who holds his office for four years, and is eligible for two terms. These chiefs receive a salary from the United States of $250 each, per annum, by treaty stipulation. The general council, consisting of forty members, convenes on the first Monday in October; a speaker and a clerk is elected; the speaker is addressed as is customary in legislative bodies, and the whole business of the council is conducted with the utmost decorum. Each chief delivers a message in person to the council, recommending such laws as he may deem conducive to the interests of the people, and as there is but one representative body, all laws that are passed by the council are submitted to the chiefs; if approved, the same become laws; if not, the bills are returned to the council, and if passed by two-thirds, become laws. The council-house, a large and commodious building, with committee-rooms, and also seats for spectators, was erected under the treaty stipulations. Much interest is manifested by the people in electing councillors, and also when they meet together; they usually remain in session from ten to fifteen days, and receive a per-diem pay of $2. Judges are nominated by the chief of the district, and receive a small compensation; and trial by jury is guaranteed in all capital offences; but there is no law enforcing the collection of debts. It will be seen that the Choctaws have materially bettered their condition by an exchange of country; are fast approximating to our own laws and institutions; and feel a deep interest in the success and prosperity of our own people, as well as the perpetuity of our Government. They have school funds sufficient to educate a large portion of the people, beside annuities from the United States, and also an investment of $500,000, at five per cent., in bonds of the State of Alabama, for the benefit of the whole people. They have also other sources of wealth. Their laws are generally respected, and when violated, punishment is inflicted. It is very rare that acts of violence take place between themselves; every individual feels safe in his own property; and travellers pass through the nation with as much safety as they do in any country.

The Chickasaws number about 5000. They have settled promiscuously among the Choctaws; lately they are beginning to move up to the district assigned them, which they did not do at first, owing to the scarcity of provisions and the exposed situation of the frontier. The Chickasaws have obtained greater pecuniary advantages by the exchange of their country than any of the tribes. Their lands were surveyed and sold at a time when speculation was at its highest, and when the most enormous prices were paid. The funds thus arising were invested for the benefit of the nation, after each head of a family had obtained a reservation. Some profited by receiving large amounts; but in most cases, the money having been easily obtained, was as freely spent. It is, however, the home the Chickasaws obtained from the Choctaws that compensates them. They are now fairly settled in a