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INDIGENOUS ORIENTAL EDUCATION.
"HISTORY OF INDIGENOUS EDUCATION IN THE PANJAB SINCE ANNEXATION AND IN 1882. By G. W. LEITNER, LL.D., First Doctor of Oriental Learning honoris causâ of the University of the Panjab; of the Middle Temple, Barrister-at-Law; late on special duty with the Education Commission appointed by the Government of India; Fellow of, and formerly Professor of Arabic with Muhammadan Law at, King's College, London; Principal of the Govern- ment College and of the Oriental College at Lahore, etc. THIS book, which is really an Encyclopædia of Oriental Learning, deals not only with indigenous education among Hindus. Muhammadans, and Sikhs, wide as that subject is, but enters also into the questions of the motives and traditions of the various castes and sects in India. This work, which con- tains 666 closely-printed quarto pages, is, therefore, of import- ance to the statesman as well as to the Orientalist, especially at the present conjuncture of affairs in our vast Dependency. The vexed problem of Female Education, which actually flourished in the Panjab before annexation, is specially dealt with, whilst the question of widow-marriage, if not of widow- burning, is reduced from the sensational outcry in Europe to the sober proportion furnished by actual statistics. Part I. of the History consists of eight divisions, each having one or more sub-sections of the religious and national foundations of indigenous education and polity among the Sikhs, Muham- madans and Hindus respectively, and gives a detailed account of the text-books and courses of study in the various Gurmukhi, Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit, Urdu, and Hindi schools of various grades. A list of works by native savants is here for the first time communicated to the European Orientalist. No less interesting is the history of the condition of the Panjab on and before annexation, especially from a literary point of view, and documents, long buried in Government Secretariats, are now published for the first time. The author shows that owing to the resumption of rent-free lands attached to indigenous schools or to give a livelihood to teachers, physicians and even artists "in the good old days," the agricultural as well as the priestly classes have more or less relapsed into ignorance during our rule, but he points out that by re-allotting waste lands to indigenous schools or by inducing village communities to do so out of the commons belonging to them, the education of the masses can again be brought up to its former level, much to the benefit of the Government revenue; or, at all events, to the alleviation of the ever-growing burthen of the cost of mass-instruction on the State. Part II. deals with indigenous schools in the important frontier province of the Panjab, arranged accord- ing to Districts and Divisions. Whereas formerly there was a school to every 1783 inhabitants in the most backward district of that part of India, there is now one Goverment school to every 9028, the indigenous schools, which numbered, at least, 33.355 before annexation with a minimum attend- ance of 333,550 pupils, being now reduced to 6362 schools with 86,023 pupils. Part V., however, still gives a list of about 2000 learned priests of all denominations, and of authors and poets, hitherto unknown to fame or to the government, whose services might be utilized in an improved scheme of popular education. Among the numerous Appendices, No. VII. is, perhaps, the most important, as it contains 93 specimens of as many different handwritings current among the commercial classes of Upper India and Sind, and is a worthy pendant to the remarkable discoveries by Dr. Leitner of the Shawl dialect and writing, as also of the secret trade dialects and the dialects of the criminal tribes which the Panjab Govern- ment have published as "Selections from the Records of Government," and which we hope to be able to review in an early issue.
The Allgemeine Zeitung (Augsburg Gazette of the 28th June, 1883) thus discusses The Indian System of Education :- 'What do the bulk of Englishmen, or even the vast majority of the highly educated classes, indeed the statesmen of Eng- land know of the affairs of their great Indian Empire and We its 250 millions of inhabitants? A long residence in England makes us reply with deep regret: "Next to nothing! have known a Cabinet Minister, who was hard pressed by a question of ours, estimating the number of Englishmen in India at "about 3 millions"! When we informed him that, according to statistics (it was just after the Indian Census of 1871-72), the number of the same, inclusive of 63,000 European troops, was 75,734, he could hardly believe his eyes and ears.
Works like that recently given to the world by Dr. G. W. Leitner, entitled, "History of Indigenous Education in the Panjab since Annexation and in 1882," are therefore of the
highest merit, and we only wish that they were studied more, as they deserve to be.
The author of this large folio volume, of more than 600 pages, is well known as having for many years held the position of President of the Government College at Lahore, as the Founder of the Punjab University, as an explorer in Middle and Little Tibet, and as the Discoverer of the so-called Græco-Buddhistic Sculptures, which he excavated on the Afghan frontier, where a body of Greek sculptors evidently remained behind after Alexander the Great's expedition, whose teachings eventually led to the formation of a schoo of native artists. Dr. Leitner has also gained undeniable claims by his works on the tribes and languages of Eastern Asia. The knowledge of Dardistan more especially, which He has owes its name to him, has been brought into the practical range of geographical knowledge by Dr. Leitner. also often entered the lists, with much praiseworthy zeal, on behalf of the removal of well-founded complaints of the natives of India.
This sense of justice is distinctly visible in the work before us, a volume displaying great research, which gives us aÐ insight into the system of education in the North-West of India. Although the mass of historical and statistical materials may be insurmountable for the ordinary reader, the whole volume, on that very account, forms a more complete picture for persons who wish to go thoroughly into the matter. Mere generalities are misleading. Latet dolus i8 generalibus. Many a person will be astonished to read in the preface: "that a people inhabit the Punjab" whose history shows them to be possessed "of an ardent republicanism allied to the most chivalrous devotion to chiefs; of a capacity for self-government not equalled elsewhere; and, above all. of the universal respect for learning and of the general That there are also remains of the spread of education." Kindergarten System, which owes its origin to an ideal trait in Hindu legislation, still to be met with in India, will sound like a romance to many. Nevertheless it is truth, not fiction.
Of the brave people of the North-West, devoted to the "The Sikh is the teaching of Nanak, the author says: Protestant of Hindu politics, society, and religion. He is above all the worshipper of the book,' of his Bible. His great aim is to destroy the monopoly of learning, and of the social or religious ascendency of one class, and to make Sikhs are education the property of the masses of his community." "All Sikhs are equal; Hindus are unequal. Conservative Democrats in religion and politics, loyally sub- ordinate to elected rule or office, and admitting the hereditary principle, even for the descendants of Gurus Nanak and Govind Singh, only by courtesy, whilst they consider their chiefs, including Ranjit Singh, merely as primi inter pars and as representative servants of the Commonwealth." Nanak was born in 1469, and died in 1538. He was therefore a predecessor of Luther.
It is well known that the Sikhs saved British Rule in the North-West of India at the time of the Sepoy Rebellion in But one would 1857, although their country had been forcibly annexed to the Indian Empire not long before this event. have to go far in England, before one would come across anybody (with the exception perhaps of a few officers or officials, who have been stationed in the Punjab), who has even the slightest idea of the life and habits of this curious people, or who has even heard of the name of the founder of their faith. We were, therefore, scarcely surprised that, when we paid a visit to the British Museum a few years ago, and asked for a copy of Dr. Trumpp's translation of the Holy Book of the Sikhs, "The Adi Granth," which had been made by order of the India Office, we could not even find it in the Museum Catalogue, although, of course, there was no doubt of that large volume being in the Library. It was evident that nobody had asked for the book before, several years after its publication. We therefore had to rescue it from its hiding-place.
One of the earliest sayings of Nanak was, "There are neither Hindus nor Mussulmans." In other words, he tried to bring about an union between those separated by bitter "There are two paths," he said, "but religious animosity. only one Lord." But it must not be inferred from the last sentence that Nanak believed in Monotheism in the sense of a separation between the Supreme Being and the Universe. His ideas leant rather towards Pantheism-as this is generally the case in India, unless a thinker like Kapila arises, throws over all the Gods and only accepts eternal matter and its eternal changes. As regards morality, Nanak
INDIGENOUS ORIENTAL EDUCATION.
"HISTORY OF SINCE ANNEX LL.D., First I the Universit Barrister-at-I Commission a of, and forme Law at, King's ment College THIS book, whi Learning, deals Hindus, Muham but enters also in of the various cas tains 666 closelyance to the states at the present co The vexed prob flourished in the with, whilst the q burning, is reduc the sober propor of the History co more sub-section of indigenous edu madans and Hind of the text-books a Arabic, Persian,{ grades. A list c first time commi less interesting is on and before ar view, and docume are now publish that owing to the indigenous schoo physicians and € agricultural as w relapsed into ign that by re-allotti inducing village belonging to them brought up to its Government reve the ever-growing the State. Part important frontie: ing to Districts a a school to every district of that p school to every 90: at least, 33.355 be ance of 333,550 1 with 86,023 pupils 2000 learned pries poets, hitherto unl services might be education. Amoi perhaps, the most as many different classes of Upper I the remarkable dialect and writin the dialects of the ment have publis Government," and early issue.
The Allgemeine June, 1883) thus ¿ 'What do the bi of the highly edu land know of the its 250 millions of makes us reply wi have known a C a question of ours India at "about 3 according to stati of 1871-72), the European troops, ▾ and ears.
gieuse, judiciaire, administrative, militaire et artistique de la grande cité flamande; signalons dans la masse ceux qui se rapportent aux attri butions des magistrats appelés à gérer les affaires de la commune, ceux qui traitent de la construction du Beffroi et de l'Hôtel-de-ville, ces deux joyaux de l'architecture ogivale, enfin ceux qui décrivent les travaux exécutés à l'écluse de Damme. Ces derniers prouvent à quelle hauteur les Flamands avaient déjà porté l'art hydraulique, plus de trois siècles avant Léonard da Vinci et Van Schoonebeke.
L'authenticité de toutes les pièces, publiées dans l'Inventaire des Archives, a été vérifiée d'après les règles les plus rigoureuses de la Diplomatique; des commentaires, aussi abondants qu'érudits, mettent sans cesse en parallèle les actes officiels avec les récits des divers chroniqueurs et historiens de la Flandre; de plus ils contribuent efficacement à éclaircir les obscurités qui se rencontrent dans plusieurs documents.
L'Introduction, qui embrasse tout un volume, traite en détail du calendrier, de la paléographie, de la sigillographie, de la sphragistique, bref de toutes les matières dont la connaissance est indispensable pour l'intelligence des chartes et autres pièces du moyen âge. La langue flamande surtout - cette branche vigoureuse du rameau germanique
est l'objet d'un examen approfondi. Mettant à profit les découvertes des grands philologues allemands Grimm et Pott et marchant sur les traces des Bormans et des De Vries, M. Gilliodts-van Severen fait ressortir les mérites supérieurs de l'idiome parlé par les contemporains de Maerlant et de Boendale et prouve avec quelle souplesse, quelle flexibilité, il se prêtait à exprimer, de la manière la plus naturelle, toutes les créations du génie humain.
A l'œuvre de M. GILLIODTS-VAN SEVEREN il fallait un Glossaire; je viens de faire paraître ce complément indispensable. Il explique les mots vieillis qui se trouvent en grand nombre dans l'Inventaire des Archives, et détermine spécialement la signification d'une foule de termes, empruntés aux arts et aux métiers et aujourd'hui hors d'usage; les lexiques de la langue flamande du moyen âge ne les donnent pas ou en méconnaissent le vrai sens. Ce Glossaire est précédé d'une table onomastique et d'une table de noms de lieux, dressées avec les plus grands soins, et dont l'utilité n'échappera à personne.
Dans quelques mois, je ferai paraître une table analytique détaillée de l'Inventaire. Elle formera un volume de 500 pages environ et terminera définitivement la première série de la belle œuvre dont nous venons de faire l'éloge.
J. GAILLIARD. Bruges et le Franc, ou leur magistrature et leur noblesse. 6 vol. in-8°, de 500 pp. environ chacun, contenant 183 généalogies de familles flamandes. Très-rare. Prix: 150 fr.
J. GAILLIARD. Inscriptions funéraires et monumentales de la Flandre occidentale. 3. vol. gr. in-4°, imprimés sur beau papier. Bruges: 1° Église de St.-Donatien, 1 vol. de 242 pp.; 2° Église de Notre-Dame, 1 vol. de 614 pp.; 3° Église de Ste.-Walburge, 1 vol. de 198 pp. Cet ouvrage est enrichi de nombreuses notices historiques et généalogiques; il est orné de milliers d'armoiries gravées et contient 145 planches reproduisant des plaques funéraires en cuivre, des épitaphes et pierres tumulaires du XIIIe au XVIIIe siècle. - Prix: 150 fr.
Works like that receny given to the word by Dr. U. W. Leitner, entitled, "History of Indigenous Education in the Panjab since Annexation and in 1882," are therefore of the
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