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AMERICAN, EUROPEAN, & ORIENTAL LITERARY RECORD

A Register of the most Important Works Published in North and South America,
India, China, Europe, and the British Colonies;

With Occasional Notes on German, Dutch, Danish, French, Italian, Spanish,
Portuguese, Russian, and Hungarian Literature.

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INDIGENOUS ORIENTAL EDUCATION.

"HISTORY OF INDIGENOUS EDUCATION IN THE PANJAB
SINCE ANNEXATION AND IN 1882. By G. W. LEITNER,
LL.D., First Doctor of Oriental Learning honoris causâ of
the University of the Panjab; of the Middle Temple,
Barrister-at-Law; late on special duty with the Education
Commission appointed by the Government of India; Fellow
of, and formerly Professor of Arabic with Muhammadan
Law at, King's College, London; Principal of the Govern-
ment College and of the Oriental College at Lahore, etc.
THIS book, which is really an Encyclopædia of Oriental
Learning, deals not only with indigenous education among
Hindus. Muhammadans, and Sikhs, wide as that subject is,
but enters also into the questions of the motives and traditions
of the various castes and sects in India. This work, which con-
tains 666 closely-printed quarto pages, is, therefore, of import-
ance to the statesman as well as to the Orientalist, especially
at the present conjuncture of affairs in our vast Dependency.
The vexed problem of Female Education, which actually
flourished in the Panjab before annexation, is specially dealt
with, whilst the question of widow-marriage, if not of widow-
burning, is reduced from the sensational outcry in Europe to
the sober proportion furnished by actual statistics. Part I.
of the History consists of eight divisions, each having one or
more sub-sections of the religious and national foundations
of indigenous education and polity among the Sikhs, Muham-
madans and Hindus respectively, and gives a detailed account
of the text-books and courses of study in the various Gurmukhi,
Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit, Urdu, and Hindi schools of various
grades. A list of works by native savants is here for the
first time communicated to the European Orientalist. No
less interesting is the history of the condition of the Panjab
on and before annexation, especially from a literary point of
view, and documents, long buried in Government Secretariats,
are now published for the first time. The author shows
that owing to the resumption of rent-free lands attached to
indigenous schools or to give a livelihood to teachers,
physicians and even artists "in the good old days," the
agricultural as well as the priestly classes have more or less
relapsed into ignorance during our rule, but he points out
that by re-allotting waste lands to indigenous schools or by
inducing village communities to do so out of the commons
belonging to them, the education of the masses can again be
brought up to its former level, much to the benefit of the
Government revenue; or, at all events, to the alleviation of
the ever-growing burthen of the cost of mass-instruction on
the State. Part II. deals with indigenous schools in the
important frontier province of the Panjab, arranged accord-
ing to Districts and Divisions. Whereas formerly there was
a school to every 1783 inhabitants in the most backward
district of that part of India, there is now one Goverment
school to every 9028, the indigenous schools, which numbered,
at least, 33.355 before annexation with a minimum attend-
ance of 333,550 pupils, being now reduced to 6362 schools
with 86,023 pupils. Part V., however, still gives a list of about
2000 learned priests of all denominations, and of authors and
poets, hitherto unknown to fame or to the government, whose
services might be utilized in an improved scheme of popular
education. Among the numerous Appendices, No. VII. is,
perhaps, the most important, as it contains 93 specimens of
as many different handwritings current among the commercial
classes of Upper India and Sind, and is a worthy pendant to
the remarkable discoveries by Dr. Leitner of the Shawl
dialect and writing, as also of the secret trade dialects and
the dialects of the criminal tribes which the Panjab Govern-
ment have published as "Selections from the Records of
Government," and which we hope to be able to review in an
early issue.

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The Allgemeine Zeitung (Augsburg Gazette of the 28th
June, 1883) thus discusses The Indian System of Education :-
'What do the bulk of Englishmen, or even the vast majority
of the highly educated classes, indeed the statesmen of Eng-
land know of the affairs of their great Indian Empire and
We
its 250 millions of inhabitants? A long residence in England
makes us reply with deep regret: "Next to nothing!
have known a Cabinet Minister, who was hard pressed by
a question of ours, estimating the number of Englishmen in
India at "about 3 millions"! When we informed him that,
according to statistics (it was just after the Indian Census
of 1871-72), the number of the same, inclusive of 63,000
European troops, was 75,734, he could hardly believe his eyes
and ears.

Works like that recently given to the world by Dr. G. W.
Leitner, entitled, "History of Indigenous Education in the
Panjab since Annexation and in 1882," are therefore of the

highest merit, and we only wish that they were studied more,
as they deserve to be.

The author of this large folio volume, of more than 600
pages, is well known as having for many years held the
position of President of the Government College at Lahore,
as the Founder of the Punjab University, as an explorer in
Middle and Little Tibet, and as the Discoverer of the so-called
Græco-Buddhistic Sculptures, which he excavated on the
Afghan frontier, where a body of Greek sculptors evidently
remained behind after Alexander the Great's expedition,
whose teachings eventually led to the formation of a schoo
of native artists. Dr. Leitner has also gained undeniable
claims by his works on the tribes and languages of Eastern
Asia. The knowledge of Dardistan more especially, which
He has
owes its name to him, has been brought into the practical
range of geographical knowledge by Dr. Leitner.
also often entered the lists, with much praiseworthy zeal, on
behalf of the removal of well-founded complaints of the
natives of India.

This sense of justice is distinctly visible in the work before
us, a volume displaying great research, which gives us aÐ
insight into the system of education in the North-West
of India. Although the mass of historical and statistical
materials may be insurmountable for the ordinary reader,
the whole volume, on that very account, forms a more
complete picture for persons who wish to go thoroughly into
the matter. Mere generalities are misleading. Latet dolus i8
generalibus. Many a person will be astonished to read in the
preface: "that a people inhabit the Punjab" whose history
shows them to be possessed "of an ardent republicanism
allied to the most chivalrous devotion to chiefs; of a capacity
for self-government not equalled elsewhere; and, above all.
of the universal respect for learning and of the general
That there are also remains of the
spread of education."
Kindergarten System, which owes its origin to an ideal trait
in Hindu legislation, still to be met with in India, will
sound like a romance to many. Nevertheless it is truth, not
fiction.

Of the brave people of the North-West, devoted to the
"The Sikh is the
teaching of Nanak, the author says:
Protestant of Hindu politics, society, and religion. He is
above all the worshipper of the book,' of his Bible. His
great aim is to destroy the monopoly of learning, and of the
social or religious ascendency of one class, and to make
Sikhs are
education the property of the masses of his community."
"All Sikhs are equal; Hindus are unequal.
Conservative Democrats in religion and politics, loyally sub-
ordinate to elected rule or office, and admitting the hereditary
principle, even for the descendants of Gurus Nanak and
Govind Singh, only by courtesy, whilst they consider their
chiefs, including Ranjit Singh, merely as primi inter pars
and as representative servants of the Commonwealth."
Nanak was born in 1469, and died in 1538. He was therefore
a predecessor of Luther.

It is well known that the Sikhs saved British Rule in the
North-West of India at the time of the Sepoy Rebellion in
But one would
1857, although their country had been forcibly annexed to the
Indian Empire not long before this event.
have to go far in England, before one would come across
anybody (with the exception perhaps of a few officers or
officials, who have been stationed in the Punjab), who has
even the slightest idea of the life and habits of this curious
people, or who has even heard of the name of the founder
of their faith. We were, therefore, scarcely surprised that,
when we paid a visit to the British Museum a few years ago,
and asked for a copy of Dr. Trumpp's translation of the Holy
Book of the Sikhs, "The Adi Granth," which had been made
by order of the India Office, we could not even find it in the
Museum Catalogue, although, of course, there was no doubt
of that large volume being in the Library. It was evident
that nobody had asked for the book before, several years
after its publication. We therefore had to rescue it from its
hiding-place.

One of the earliest sayings of Nanak was, "There are
neither Hindus nor Mussulmans." In other words, he tried
to bring about an union between those separated by bitter
"There are two paths," he said, "but
religious animosity.
only one Lord." But it must not be inferred from the last
sentence that Nanak believed in Monotheism in the sense of
a separation between the Supreme Being and the Universe.
His ideas leant rather towards Pantheism-as this is
generally the case in India, unless a thinker like Kapila
arises, throws over all the Gods and only accepts eternal
matter and its eternal changes. As regards morality, Nanak

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INDIGENOUS ORIENTAL EDUCATION.

"HISTORY OF SINCE ANNEX LL.D., First I the Universit Barrister-at-I Commission a of, and forme Law at, King's ment College THIS book, whi Learning, deals Hindus, Muham but enters also in of the various cas tains 666 closelyance to the states at the present co The vexed prob flourished in the with, whilst the q burning, is reduc the sober propor of the History co more sub-section of indigenous edu madans and Hind of the text-books a Arabic, Persian,{ grades. A list c first time commi less interesting is on and before ar view, and docume are now publish that owing to the indigenous schoo physicians and € agricultural as w relapsed into ign that by re-allotti inducing village belonging to them brought up to its Government reve the ever-growing the State. Part important frontie: ing to Districts a a school to every district of that p school to every 90: at least, 33.355 be ance of 333,550 1 with 86,023 pupils 2000 learned pries poets, hitherto unl services might be education. Amoi perhaps, the most as many different classes of Upper I the remarkable dialect and writin the dialects of the ment have publis Government," and early issue.

The Allgemeine June, 1883) thus ¿ 'What do the bi of the highly edu land know of the its 250 millions of makes us reply wi have known a C a question of ours India at "about 3 according to stati of 1871-72), the European troops, ▾ and ears.

gieuse, judiciaire, administrative, militaire et artistique de la grande cité flamande; signalons dans la masse ceux qui se rapportent aux attri butions des magistrats appelés à gérer les affaires de la commune, ceux qui traitent de la construction du Beffroi et de l'Hôtel-de-ville, ces deux joyaux de l'architecture ogivale, enfin ceux qui décrivent les travaux exécutés à l'écluse de Damme. Ces derniers prouvent à quelle hauteur les Flamands avaient déjà porté l'art hydraulique, plus de trois siècles avant Léonard da Vinci et Van Schoonebeke.

L'authenticité de toutes les pièces, publiées dans l'Inventaire des Archives, a été vérifiée d'après les règles les plus rigoureuses de la Diplomatique; des commentaires, aussi abondants qu'érudits, mettent sans cesse en parallèle les actes officiels avec les récits des divers chroniqueurs et historiens de la Flandre; de plus ils contribuent efficacement à éclaircir les obscurités qui se rencontrent dans plusieurs documents.

L'Introduction, qui embrasse tout un volume, traite en détail du calendrier, de la paléographie, de la sigillographie, de la sphragistique, bref de toutes les matières dont la connaissance est indispensable pour l'intelligence des chartes et autres pièces du moyen âge. La langue flamande surtout - cette branche vigoureuse du rameau germanique

est l'objet d'un examen approfondi. Mettant à profit les découvertes des grands philologues allemands Grimm et Pott et marchant sur les traces des Bormans et des De Vries, M. Gilliodts-van Severen fait ressortir les mérites supérieurs de l'idiome parlé par les contemporains de Maerlant et de Boendale et prouve avec quelle souplesse, quelle flexibilité, il se prêtait à exprimer, de la manière la plus naturelle, toutes les créations du génie humain.

A l'œuvre de M. GILLIODTS-VAN SEVEREN il fallait un Glossaire; je viens de faire paraître ce complément indispensable. Il explique les mots vieillis qui se trouvent en grand nombre dans l'Inventaire des Archives, et détermine spécialement la signification d'une foule de termes, empruntés aux arts et aux métiers et aujourd'hui hors d'usage; les lexiques de la langue flamande du moyen âge ne les donnent pas ou en méconnaissent le vrai sens. Ce Glossaire est précédé d'une table onomastique et d'une table de noms de lieux, dressées avec les plus grands soins, et dont l'utilité n'échappera à personne.

Dans quelques mois, je ferai paraître une table analytique détaillée de l'Inventaire. Elle formera un volume de 500 pages environ et terminera définitivement la première série de la belle œuvre dont nous venons de faire l'éloge.

EDW. GAILLIÁRD.

J. GAILLIARD. Bruges et le Franc, ou leur magistrature et leur noblesse. 6 vol. in-8°, de 500 pp. environ chacun, contenant 183 généalogies de familles flamandes. Très-rare. Prix: 150 fr.

J. GAILLIARD. Inscriptions funéraires et monumentales de la Flandre occidentale. 3. vol. gr. in-4°, imprimés sur beau papier. Bruges: 1° Église de St.-Donatien, 1 vol. de 242 pp.; 2° Église de Notre-Dame, 1 vol. de 614 pp.; 3° Église de Ste.-Walburge, 1 vol. de 198 pp. Cet ouvrage est enrichi de nombreuses notices historiques et généalogiques; il est orné de milliers d'armoiries gravées et contient 145 planches reproduisant des plaques funéraires en cuivre, des épitaphes et pierres tumulaires du XIIIe au XVIIIe siècle. - Prix: 150 fr.

Works like that receny given to the word by Dr. U. W. Leitner, entitled, "History of Indigenous Education in the Panjab since Annexation and in 1882," are therefore of the

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