Dr. Bühler, the eminent Sanskrit scholar, left India on the 18th of September, after eighteen years' service in the country. We shall best see how much his learning, energy, and enthusiasm have accomplished if we go back through these eighteen years to the time of Dr. Haug. Dr. Haug certainly prepared the way for the importation of the highest philological talent that Germany could produce. His labours were appreciated by the local Government and the authorities at the India Office. The publication of his work on India was speedily followed by the nomination of Dr. Bühler and Dr. Kielhorn to Indian appointments; and Indian students owe him a debt of gratitude for indirectly inducing the Sanskrit scholars of Germany to look to the peculiar facilities offered by a residence in India as their highest professional prize. But in Dr. Haug's time the scientific study of Sanskrit was still in its infancy. When Dr. Bühler and Dr. Kielhorn arrived here in the year 1863, the first as Professor of Oriental Languages in the Elphinstone College, the second as Superintendent of Sanskrit Studies in the Deccan College, they found that from the want of authoritative editions of standard Sanskrit authors, the study of Sanskrit was sadly hampered here. The University of Bombay had, indeed, given some impetus to the cultivation of the classical languages of India by allowing Sanskrit works to rank with the works of other classical languages in the University curriculum. But the Sanskrit teachers in schools and colleges suffered almost as much as their students from the want of a series of critical editions of standard works. Accordingly, Dr. Bühler, after enlisting the cordial co-operation of native scholars, undertook to edit what is now known as the Bombay Sanskrit Series. The Series now comprises more than sixteen texts by Dr. Bühler, Dr. Kielhorn, Professor Bhandarkar, Mr. K. T. Telang, and S. P. Pandit; the crying need of elementary text books for the High Schools having been met by Professor Bhandarkar's well-known series. While this useful work was progressing, the Government of India determined to make an effort to collect and preserve the manuscript records of ancient Sanskrit literature scattered throughout the different Presidencies. It appears to be the custom in the Educational Department to get out specialists from home, and then turn them to general work; and in accordance with this rule Dr. Bühler was acting at that time as Educational Inspector of the Northern Division. The tour he took in the performance of his duties afforded, however, special facilities for assisting the Government scheme, into which he threw himself with all the ardour and thoroughness of a true German student. Besides searching the native libraries in the boundaries of his own division, he extended his inquiries far and wide into the Native States of Guzerat and Rajpootana, and even paid a visit to Cashmere. Dr. Bühler's quest was not, however, confined to Sanskrit works. Guzerat has been the home of Jainism, and the Bhandars at Ahmedabad, Wudhwan, Cambay, and Patan in the Gaekwar territory, at Pali, and at Jesselmere and Bikaneer in Rajpootana are vast store-houses of Jain learning. They afford materials, hitherto accessible but to few European scholars, for a complete account of the Jain religion, for the political history of Guzerat, and a history of the Guzerati

language. In the course of his several tours during the past ten years, Dr. Bühler has collected by purchase or otherwise some 5,000 manuscripts for Government, relating to Brahmanical or Jain religion. They comprise Vedas, Vedangas, Purans, Mahatanyas, poetry and fiction, grammar, glossaries, rhetoric, biography, history, law, logic, philosophy, astronomy, arithmetic, etc. He also made many purchases for himself and his friends. Nearly all the manuscripts purchased for the Government are rare; many are unique. The collection is a treasury of information of the highest value as regards the former civilisation of India, and we trust it will not be neglected. In 1875, Dr. Bühler received permission to visit Cashmere, and the very successful results of his visit, so far as materials for the history of India are concerned, are embodied in a detailed report to be found in the Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. There are, however, many works in Dr. Bühler's collection which he can scarcely have had time to examine yet. The private collection of manuscripts he takes with him to Europe is said to be large and valuable; and though it will be lost to India, we trust he will still be able to give Indian students the benefit of any researches he may make in it. He is certain to be offered the first vacant Sanskrit chair in Germany, when he will probably be allowed more leisure for study than the routine of inspecting schools and conducting correspondence permitted in India. The absurd plan of promoting a highly-trained specialist to the simple, if arduous, post of an Inspector of Schools would have been fatal to any less indefatigable scholar than Dr. Bühler. But, in spite of this, his influence as an earnest worker in the department of Sanskrit learning is widespread and likely to be lasting. Like Dr. Kielhorn, he is almost as well known among the savans of Europe as among the pundits of Western India, among whom he has awakened a spirit of true research, which promises to be fruitful of still greater results in the very partially explored regions of Oriental philology, and the history of ancient and mediæval India. Dr. Bühler has, in addition to his other labours, wielded an industrious pen. In the pages of the Indian Antiquary he translated a large number of inscriptions, throwing a flood of light on the epochs of the Valabhi, Gurjjar, Chalukya, and other dynasties of Guzerat. He has contributed numerous essays of a philological or historical character to the pages of the Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, and of the Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, to say nothing of the periodicals on the continent of Europe, to which he was not an unfrequent contributor. He was in communication with almost every noted Sanskrit scholar in England, Europe, or America. He leaves us amidst the regrets and good wishes of all who take an interest in Indian scholarship; and a much wider circle than his old students will wish him a pleasant life and ample leisure in his own country for the prosecution of the studies for which he has shown himself so eminently qualified. It is understood that Dr. Kielhorn will take up the duty of collecting Sanskrit manuscripts, and that Mr. Giles will succeed Dr. Bühler as Educational Inspector of the Northern Division.-Times of India.

titles of any Austrian-printed books they may have in their libraries. All such assistance will be duly acknowledged in the preface to the work. The printers of Vienna confidently hope that all who are able will gladly lend their aid to forward this enterprize.

Dr. Anthony Mayer has issued the following circular:

The undersigned has been entrusted by the printers of Vienna with the task of writing a history of printing in Vienna during the last four hundred years. It is a wellknown fact that there exists rich material for this purpose in the libraries of Vienna, but such a history can only be made exhaustive by examining all the libraries of Europe. As the time is too short for a single historian to make such an examination for himself, the undersigned earnestly requests the cooperation of librarians and other gentlemen able to give him information on the following subjects:

1. What works printed in Vienna from 1482 to 1600 are to be found in your library. Concerning the important period between 1482 and 1560, it is very desirable to know what works are in existence, besides those mentioned by M. Denis (in Wien's Buchdrucker-Geschichte bis 1560,

Wien. 1782; Nachtrag zu Wien's Buchdrucker Geschichte, etc., Wien, 1793; Merkwürdigkeiten der K.K. Garelli'schen Bibliothek, Wien, 1780), the exact titles and particulars respecting such books and if they contain any portraits of Vienna printers.

2. If and under what conditions- whether gratis or for payment-the undersigned may count upon your co

THE NEW INDIAN INSTITUTE. - Convocation at Oxford has approved the proposal of Prof. Monier Williams to establish and endow the new Indian Institute at Oxford. After much discussion, the House divided on the proposal that a sum of £250 a year be paid from the University chest towards the endowment of the Indian Institute, that not more than £12,000 be expended on the building, and that not less than one-half of any sum contributed above £18,000 be assigned to the endowment fund, &c. The result was in favour of the proposal, there being 94 placets to 50 non-placet. SAPPHO.-The sixth edition of this tragedy, in five acts, by Stella, has just been published. Stella and her tragedy of "Sappho are now the principal topics of the Athenian critics. Jean Cambouroglo, the well-known Greek poet, and translator of "Sappho" for the Hellenic stage, thus comments upon its merits and the genius of Stella in an article published in his jumal, the Ephéméris, Athens, September 15, 1880:-" There has lately been published in London the fifth edition of a charming book, The Tragedy of Sappho," written by a lady, a true votary of the muse, known to the world of Europe by the name of Stella. This lady is also famous for preceding works of hers, such as, The Records of the Heart,' 'The King's Stratagem,' etc., etc., works which have met with the Lost cordial reception, not alone in America and in England, bat throughout all Europe. We Greeks, hearing the name of Sappho,' the latest work of the poetess, a name so subtly band to the warmest and most moving pages of our ancient and immortal literature, will naturally desire to possess and study this work in order to judge how far the author has seeded in representing in the expressive English language the warmth and depth of Sappho's thought after a lapse of many centuries; how far has been reproduced that ideal rld of poesy in which she shone, and the mystery of her mighty heart; how far that high theme is reached to which the lyre of every great poet was then tuned, and in accord with which so many literary and poetical works were written, tending to the revelation of the radiant vision of the noble martyr of the sufferings of the heart of all time. We can do nothing better at present, to express our judgment of the impressions left by Stella's modern muse, borrowing the Sapphic voice and expressing through it the highest and most moving words of the divine poetic nature of the Lesbian, than call her shortly the English Sappho. For in very deed the echo of the immortal utterances of our own Sappho is heard again and again in Stella's English tongue. Our contemporary poetess seems to have been gifted by nature with a rich poetic genius, to have studied Sappho with a kindred spirit and power, to have transferred herself by mere force of fancy into the Lesbian's time, to have mingled with that fairest choir of poets then existent, to have passed back again into our own epoch, and then in the English tongue to have given a soul to the shade of Sappho, thus connecting the setting of those spirits of the past and the rising of later languages, by sheer force of kindred perceptions; just as the shadow of night connects in our mind the immortal being of sun, now on this side and now on the other side of the sphere on which we live."

the

THE AUTHORSHIP OF THE FOURTH GOSPEL.-Dr. Ezra Abbott has published with Mr. G. E. Ellis, of Boston (Trübner & Co., London), a scholarly work on the Authorship of the Gospel attributed to the "beloved disciple" John. This work has grown out of an Essay read in part before the "Ministers Institute," in Providence, R.I., which was published in the February, March, and June (1880) numbers of the "Unitarian Review," and afterwards in the Institute Esaya." The author says, it has been necessary to give translations of many quotations which scholars would have preferred to see in the original; but such translations have been rendered as literal as the English idiom would permit, and precise references to the passages cited are always given for the benefit of the critical student. We think with Dr. Abbott that the balance of evidence is on the side of the genuineness of the "Gospel of John," because it would not have been received as genuine by the Gnostic sects whose doctrines were opposed to it, if by any possibility they could have rejected it as spurious. Being obliged to receive it they interpreted it, or rather perverted it according to their own views.

THE COPYRIGHT LAW AND LONGFELLOW'S WORKS."Ultima Thule" is the title of a collection of Longfellow's later pieces, which have appeared from time to time in the Atlantic Monthly, and other magazines, and which Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin, & Co., have recently issued in a neat little volume. Messrs. Routledge & Co., of London, have also issued an edition which they claim to be a "Copyright Edition." We believe they give Mr. Longfellow what we call in this country a "Royalty" on all editions they print of his works; but how the subject-matter of the volume before us can be copyright, except by courtesy, we confess we are unable to see. It is high time that something should be settled regarding copyright between this country and the United States, as the law, as it has been interpreted up to the present in England, in giving American authors a copyright if they publish first on this side, stands on a very uncertain and unsatisfactory basis. It is by no means certain that they do not lose their rights in the United States by publishing here first. No case of the kind having been carried to the Supreme Court at Washington, it remains a moot question; though many eminent legal authorities are inclined to think that such a case, if brought before the Supreme Court, would be decided against the author. Respecting International Copyright, the Publishers' Weekly has the following in one of its recent issues:-"At last good news! The following press despatch from Washington is the first indication of the awakening of national conscience at the seat of the United States Government. It forms a hopeful counterpart to the Mentioned once more in Parliament' despatch from London, commented upon by the Weekly in its issue for July 28:Washington, Sept. 4.-Some weeks ago the Department of State instructed Minister Lowell to ascertain the condition of public opinion in England respecting Anglo-American international copyright, its advisability and feasibility. The views of eminent authors, critics, lawyers, and publishers on the subject were especially to be sought, and in every way possible the status of the question in Great Britain was to be ascertained. The Department has not heard officially what action Minister Lowell has taken in execution of these instructions, but it is informed by to-day's cable despatches from London that he has transmitted a circular letter to a number of English authors, inviting communication of their views as to the advisability of an international copyright treaty granting protection to books published in a country having copyright by a citizen thereof. The State Department desires this information as a basis for future action.' We take back every word of impatience, provided the government is in earnest. But is it not a most singular coincidence that at this late date, almost simultaneously, both governments, the British and the American, should betray utter ignorance concerning the condition of public opinion and the status of the question in the other country? Fortunately the task of testing the question in England could not have been placed in better hands. Would that England in return could instruct a Lowell in this country!" We may mention that the Publishers' Weekly has been doing good service to those interested in this matter, by gathering the opinions of Authors, Publishers, and others, on the copyright question, and also by reprinting articles that appear from time to time on this subject in various American journals.

EDUCATION.-Mr. Thomas W. Bicknell has issued Number 1 of a bi-monthly International Magazine, devoted to Science, Art, Philosophy, and Education, under the title of "Education." We may mention that this is the title of the official organ of Trinity College, London, and the American editor has adopted it through inadvertence. The authorities of that College have, however, kindly consented to the circulation of this number, pending communication with America. This number contains-Text Books and their Uses, by Prof. W. T. Harris; Harmony in Systems of Education, by James McCosh, D.D.; Educational Progress in the U. S. A. during the last Fifty Years, by Barnas Sears, D.D.; The Renascence and its Influence on Education, by the Rev. R. H. Quick; A Southern View of Education, by Prof. E. S. Joynes; besides other important matter. The editor says: "The publication of a new educational periodical may demand a reason for its

existence. If so, we have to urge the following as some of the considerations which move us to undertake the work of publishing a bi-monthly review on education. Our first claim to public recognition and patronage rests on the fact that the field which we propose to cover is but partially occupied. No educational paper or magazine in England or America proposes to devote itself exclusively to the domain of higher education and to the philosophy which underlies all educational methods. It is the most encouraging sign of the times, educationally, that the science and the art of teaching are coming to be recognized as the foundation of a profession of pedagogics. Hitherto but little attention has been paid to the fact that profound study and investigation were required to develop the laws of good teaching and the philosophy of sound instruction. If we mistake not, the current of thought now seeks to discover the essential spirit of true methods, and the soul of dry formulas. Every method, new or old, is put to the searching test of psychology, and the normal laws of mental growth. Failing to meet the demands of this high tribunal of reason and intelligence, it fails utterly. Our magazine proposes to discuss questions of education on the sides of philosophy and humanity. We hope to secure in our discussions writers of breadth as well as depth, of general as well as special attainments. We hope to bring the studies of our best thinkers and writers within the reach of the middle and higher classes of our profession, and to offer to those ambitious to ascend, the means of promotion, by the intellectual uplift of superior experienced minds. We hope to show that there is a true harmony in all departments of study from the lowest grade to the highest, and that the success of each grade is an element in the advancement of every other section. We shall endeavour to recognize in the departments their functions in the related educational organism, the harmony of whose adjustment is the proper and universal study of the true educator. Above all, it will be our purpose to show that a better understanding of the human mind, the laws which govern its growth, and the results to be attained thereby, are but the nearer approach of the human to the divine, and an adaptation of the highest faith to the soul's spiritual needs; in other words, that education and religion are one whole, and not the complement of each other."

SPIRITUALISM IN BOMBAY. Under the title of the Theosophist, a spiritualistic journal, edited by H. P. Blavatsky, made its appearance in October, 1879. It is devoted to Oriental Philosophy, Art, Literature, and Occultism :-embracing Mesmerism, Spiritualism, and, as the title expresses it, "Other Secret Sciences." No. 4, for January, 1880, gives an account of the fourth anniversary of the Theosophical Society at Bombay, on November the 29th. Colonel H. S. Olcott, the President of the Society, delivered an address, in which he said, "They had not only founded a journal to serve as an organ for the dissemination of Hindu Scholarship, but also a workshop with machines of various kinds, in which to manufacture Indian goods for export. The invitation card of the evening, whose equal could not be turned out from any existing lithographic press in Bombay. Calcutta, or Madras, had been mainly executed by a young Parsee, taught by his colleague, Mr. Edward Wimbridge, within the past six weeks. Adopting, as he (Col. Olcott) had, India as his country, and her people as his people, it was his sacred duty to do all that lay in his power to promote the physical welfare of the teeming millions of this peninsula, no less than to humbly second the efforts of that great Aryan of our times, Swámi Dyánund Saraswati, for the revival of Vedic Monotheism and the study of Yoga."

BENARES SANSKRIT TEXTS.-The "Pandit," the monthly publication of the Benares College, having been discontinued, the undersigned intend to start in its place a "Benares Sanskrit Series," which will be chiefly devoted to the publication of hitherto unpublished Sanskrit texts. Wherever it appears advisable, the Sanskrit Text will be accompanied by notes, indices, etc.; English translations of the texts published will not be excluded from the Series, although they will not form a prominent feature. Possibly from time to time new editions of works already published, for which there may happen to be a demand in India, will be included in the Series; however a comparatively limited space only will be allowed to such reproductions, and if the undertaking proves a success they will be discontinued altogether. The Series will be edited mainly by the Pandits of the Benares Sanskrit College, under the superintendence of the undersigned. It will open with the edition of an astronomical work, Bhatta Kamalákara's Siddhanta-tattva-viveka, by Pandit Sudhakara, late scholar of the Benares College. An edition with English translation-of Apastamba's S'ulvasútra and Kátyáyana's S'ulva

paris'ishta, by one of the undersigned, and several other important works are in course of preparation. The Series will appear in parts about equal in size and number of pages to those of the Bibliotheca Indica. The first part of the Siddhanta-tattva-viveka will appear shortly. Intending subscribers are requested to apply to the Publishers, Braj Bhushan Dás & Co., Benares, The Principal, Benares College, or Trübner & Co., Ludgate Hill, London.-R. Griffith, M.A., Director of Public Instruction, N. W. P. & Oudh. G. Thibaut, Ph.Dr., Principal, Benares College.Allahabad, Benares, July, 1880.

SANSKRIT MANUSCRIPTS IN SOUTHERN INDIA.-Volume I. of Lists of Sanskrit Manuscripts in Private Libraries of Southern India compiled, arranged and indexed by Professor Gustav Oppert, has been published at Madras. Professor Oppert has another volume in preparation. The aggregate number of MSS. alluded to in the volume before us amounts to 8,376 and the index contains the titles of 4,284 different works. Professor Oppert complains of the difficulty there is in persuading Pandits to give information about their literary treasures through fear of any interference with their property.

THE NAT BASKET.-We have received No. 1, for January, and No. 2, for July, 1880, of the "Nat Basket, a Periodical for Ladies," edited by Mrs. Eleanor Mason, and published at Rangoon. When we opened the Nat Basket, and found No. 1 was devoted to a "Summary on the origin of the Buddhist Scriptures," and No. 2 contained an "Epitome of Buddhism," we confess we were somewhat surprised at its being called "a Periodical for Ladies," as very few ladies make comparative religion sufficiently a study to be interested in its pages. We may briefly state that the object of the "Nat Basket" appears to be to show that the Buddhist and Hebrew Bibles had one common origin in Syria.

THE ENEMIES OF BOOKS.-This might be thought to be a very dry subject, except to experts, such as librarians, bibliomaniacs and those especially interested in the care and preservation of books. Mr. William Blades has however issued an elegantly printed little brochure so entitled, that he has contrived to make interesting to the general reader, as the immediate exhaustion of the first edition and the call for another conclusively proves. This little book is one of the finest specimens of printing that has lately come before the public, and does infinite credit to the workmanship of Messrs Blades, East and Blades, of which firm Mr. William Blades is a member. The designs for the head and tail pieces have been arranged by the author out of the Japanese ornaments recently brought out by Messrs. Mackellar, Smiths and Jordan, type founders of Philadelphia; these, being in printers' ems, are almost kaleidoscopic in their applicability for ornamentation. The little book is issued sewed, with a vegetable parchment cover, and is a good representative of the style that is a reaction on the "cheap and nasty," of which so many modern literary productions are the representatives. Messrs.

Trubner & Co., Ludgate Hill, London, are the publishers.

EARLY SOCIAL LAW.-Mr. W. Denman Ross is issuing. Studies in the Early History of Institutions." Parts 1 and 2 are on the "Theory of Village Communities," reviewing the land system of ancient times, on individual ownership and communal or collective rights. He concludes that communal ownership was unknown amongst the Teutonic tribes, as with them an equal division of land among sons seems to have existed from very early times.

CHRISTIANITY AND POLICY.-Mr. Charles L. Brace read a paper at the American Social Science Association, Saratoga, New York, on September 8th, this year, on Christianity and the Relations of the Nations." In this paper Mr. Brace traces the progress the nations have made towards rendering war more humane and on the possibilities of arbitration as a substitute for war. This might be a possibility if all nations were equally civilized, but while that is not the case brute force will still be a necessary medium for settling disputes. There is even amongst civilized nations always a danger as with individuals that sober sense and reason may become obscured. We presume that neither the North nor the South would have listened to a proposal for arbitration at any time during the late civil war; neither would Great Britain if her claims had not been allowed in the "Trent" business which arose out of the same.

THE FAULTS OF SPEECH.-Instructors of the young are well aware what difficulty the majority of English children experience in pronouncing their own language; they there fore. together with ourselves, will welcome a little work by Dr. Alexander Melville Bell, entitled "The Faults of Speech, a Self Corrector and Teachers' Manual." Dr. Bell,