Acerca de este libro
Mi biblioteca
Libros en Google Play
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER 1.
THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST. THE THREE ATTACKS: NORTHERN
OR MORAL; WESTERN OR INTELLECTUAL; EASTERN OR MILITARY.
THE NORTHERN OR MORAL ATTACK ON THE ITALIAN SYSTEM, AND ITS TEMPORARY
REPULSE.
Geographical Boundaries of Italian Christianity.—Attacks upon it.
The Northern or moral Attack.-The Emperor of Germany insists on a
reformation in the Papacy.-Gerbert, the representative of these Ideas,
is made Pope. They are both poisoned by the Italians.
Commencement of the intellectual Rejection of the Italian System.-It
originates in the Arabian doctrine of the supremacy of Reason over
Authority.—The question of Transubstantiation.—Rise and develop-
ment of Scholasticism.-Mutiny among the Monks.
Gregory VII. spontaneously accepts and enforces a Reform in the Church.
-Overcomes the Emperor of Germany.—Is on the point of establishing
a European Theocracy.-The Popes seize the military and monetary
Resources of Europe through the Crusades.
Page 1
CHAPTER II.
THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST-(Continued).
THE WESTERN OR INTELLECTUAL ATTACK ON THE ITALIAN SYSTEM.
The intellectual Condition of Christendom contrasted with that of
Arabian Spain.
Diffusion of Arabian intellectual Influences through France and Sicily.
-Example of Saracen Science in Alhazen, and of Philosophy in
Algazzali.-Innocent III. prepares to combat these Influences.—Results
to Western Europe of the Sack of Constantinople by the Catholics.
The spread of Mohammedan light Literature is followed by Heresy.—
The crushing of Heresy in the South of France by armed Force, the
Inquisition, mendicant Orders, auricular Confession, and Casuistry.
The rising Sentiment is embodied in Frederick II. in Sicily.-His
Conflict with and Overthrow by the Pope.-Spread of Mutiny among
the mendicant Orders. Page 27
CHAPTER III.
OVERTHROW OF THE ITALIAN SYSTEM BY THE COMBINED INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL
ATTACK.
Progress of Irreligion among the mendicant Orders.-Publication of
heretical Books.-The Everlasting Gospel and the Comment on the
Apocalypse.
Conflict between Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII.—Outrage upon
and death of the Pope.
The French King removes the Papacy from Rome to Avignon.-Post-
mortem Trial of the Pope for Atheism and Immorality.-Causes and
Consequences of the Atheism of the Pope.
The Templars fall into Infidelity. Their Trial, Conviction, and
Punishment.
Immoralities of the Papal Court at Avignon.-Its return to Rome.-
Causes of the great Schism.-Disorganization of the Italian System.—
Decomposition of the Papacy.-Three Popes.
The Council of Constance attempts to convert the papal Autocracy into a
constitutional Monarchy.—It murders John Huss and Jerome of
Prague.-Pontificate of Nicolas V.-End of the intellectual influence
of the Italian System
77
CHAPTER IV.
THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST- Concluded).
EFFECT OF THE EASTERN OR MILITARY ATTACK.-GENERAL REVIEW OF THE AGE OF
FAITH.
The Fall of Constantinople.-Its momentary Effect on the Italian
System.
GENERAL REVIEW OF THE INTELLECTUAL CONDITION IN THE AGE OF
FAITH.-Supernaturalism and its Logic spread all over Europe.-It
is destroyed by the Jews and Arabians.—Its total Extinction.
The Jewish Physicians.-Their Acquirements and Influence.-Their
Collision with the Imposture-medicine of Europe.-Their Effect on
the higher Classes.—Opposition to them.
Two Impulses, the Intellectual and Moral, operating against the
Medieval state of Things.-Downfall of the Italian System through the
intellectual Impulse from the West and the moral from the North.—
Action of the former through Astronomy.—Origin of the moral Impulse.
-Their conjoint irresistible Effect.-Discovery of the state of Affairs
in Italy. The Writings of Machiavelli.—What the Church had
actually done.
Entire Movement of the Italian System determined from a consideration
of the four Revolts against it.
Page 105
CHAPTER V.
APPROACH OF THE AGE OF REASON IN EUROPE.
IT IS PRECEDED BY MARITIME DISCOVERY.
Consideration of the definite Epochs of Social Life.
Experimental Philosophy emerging in the Age of Faith.
The Age of Reason ushered in by Maritime Discovery and the rise of
European Criticism.
MARITIME DISCOVERY.-The three great Voyages.
COLUMBUS discovers America.-DE GAMA doubles the Cape and reaches
India.-MAGELLAN circumnavigates the Earth.-The Material and
intellectual Results of each of these Voyages.
DIGRESSION ON THE SOCIAL CONDITION OF AMERICA.-In isolated human
Societies the process of Thought and of Civilization is always the
same.-Man passes through a determinate succession of Ideas and
embodies them in determinate Institutions.-The state of Mexico and
Peru proves the influence of Law in the development of Man. 151
CHAPTER VI.
IT IS PRECEDED BY THE RISE OF CRITICISM.
Restoration of Greek Literature and Philosophy in Italy.-Development
of Modern Languages and Rise of Criticism.-Imminent Danger to
Latin Ideas.
Invention of Printing.—It revolutionizes the Communication of Know-
ledge, especially acts on Public Worship, and renders the Pulpit
secondary.
THE REFORMATION.-Theory of Supererogation and Use of Indulgences.
-The Right of Individual Judgment asserted.-Political History of
the Origin, Culmination, and Check of the Reformation.-Its Effects
in Italy.
Causes of the Arrest of the Reformation.—Internal Causes in Protes-
tantism.—External in the Policy of Rome.—The Counter-Reformation.
-Inquisition.-Jesuits.-Secession of the great Critics.-Culmination
of the Reformation in America.-Emergence of Individual Liberty of
Thought.
Page 190
CHAPTER VII.
DIGRESSION ON THE CONDITION OF ENGLAND AT THE END OF THE AGE
OF FAITH.
RESULTS PRODUCED BY THE AGE OF FAITH.
Condition of England at the Suppression of the Monasteries.
Condition of England at the close of the seventeenth Century.-Locomo
tion, Literature, Libraries.—Social and private Life of the Laity and
Clergy.—Brutality in the Administration of Law.— Profligacy of
Literature.—The Theatre, its three Phases.-Miracle, Moral, and
Real Plays.
Estimate of the Advance made in the Age of Faith.—Comparison with
that already made in the Age of Reason
229