in Java, had a young one that used to prepare himself a proper bed every evening with boughs and leaves. . . Afterwards, on the voyage home, . . . he used to make himself a bed with sail-cloths, and rolled himself up therein

If canvas was not to be had he would take the sailors' shirts and clothes which were hung up to dry. Vosmaër had an orang that exhibited the same cleverness in arranging his bed.' Of another on board ship it is recorded, 'He never came on deck without bringing his woollen blanket and wrapping himself in it. His bed he accepted gladly, although he had never known such a thing previously,' and before sleeping in it he himself made it up properly (Büchner). A writer in the Fancier's Gazette' describes his dog, after fighting a match, going home and betaking himself forthwith to his master's bed, in which he was found between the sheets, with his head on the pillow. 'He had made down the bed for himself and turned in, and the black mud and blood from his coat had soaked through both sheets and feathers.'

What has been called the clothing instinct, then, cannot be said to be confined to man; for not only is it frequently absent in him, but it is occasionally present in some other animals that use dress or clothing, shelter or protection for the body by day and night, either of a natural or artificial kind, including ornament or finery, the decoration of the person (Houzeau). In their trappings and insignia of rank, or of the rank of their riders, such animals as the horse and elephant even show a love of finery or dress, and it cannot be said that either the love or the use of dress arises in all cases from imitation of man and his customs or costumes.

Another error of those who contend for man's supremacy over all other animals is to describe him as the only animal that constructs for himself, in the form of dwellings of some kind, a permanent and proper shelter from the vicissitudes. of the weather; for, in the first place, there are, or have been, many savage races who either constructed or construct no dwellings of any kind, or whose huts or hovels cannot compare architecturally with the nests or other habitations of many of the lower animals. Certain pre

historic peoples, some ancient savage races, such as the Caribs, and also some existing savages, made or make use of the natural shelter afforded by rocks, caves, forests, or trees. The Australian aborigines and other races, semi-civilised as well as primitive, have no fixed dwelling-place, are true nomads; and their tents or huts, when they have any, are of a temporary and trivial character.

The South African Bushmen live in holes in the earth, dug out with their hands' (Büchner). According to the missionary Sicherer they live in holes dug in the earth

...

. . thatched with reeds so badly put together that the rain pours through. Here they lie close, like pigs in a stye. They have neither huts nor sheds.' Their houses, according to the Rev. Dr. Moffatt, are mere holes in the earth, lined with grass, covered with tree branches. The huts of many Central African savages resemble externally the ant-hills of Termites (Adanson). There are no dwellings, or no fixed ones, among the Dokos. The natives of the Philippine Islands and Borneo sleep under trees, or on trees, or in caves. The ape men of India also live in trees. The Apache Indians sleep in hollows of the ground (Büchner). Where constructed abodes occur in primitive or savage man they resemble those of many animals in the equal absence in their construction of calculation, science, and art (Houzeau). The Veddas of Ceylon, according to Hartshorne, live in forests without dwellings, or they shelter themselves in caves or hollow tree-trunks, or roost on trees. Dwellings are most primitive in the Andaman Islands (Owen). The Bukones roost' in trees on a platform of sticks, as do also certain of the anthropoid apes. These human dwellings are nests rather than huts, though covered with a cone-shaped roof, also of sticks, thatched with grass (Lady Verney).

The wild people-the jungle dwarfs-of the Western Ghâts in the Tinnivelly district of India have no fixed dwellings or dwelling-places. They'sleep in any convenient spot, generally between two rocks, or in caves near which they happen to be benighted' (Bond). These wild folk of the hill jungles of the Madras Presidency are in reality modern troglodytes or cave-dwellers, the representatives of those.

prehistoric men whose remains possess so much interest for anthropologists. The beast men and wolf children of India and Europe resemble savage races on the one hand, and many wild animals on the other, in their non-possession of other shelter than that which is afforded by caves and forests. Not only have they no proper dwelling, but there is incapacity for constructing artificial shelter. The wolf children of India inhabit caves and forests, just as do the wolves with whom they associate and by whom it is currently believed they are, in some instances at least, brought up. At the Lucknow madhouse,' says Gerhardt, 'there was an elderly fellow . . . . who had been dug out of a wolves' den by an European doctor.'

Even in civilised Scotland of the present day we have a race of cave-dwellers in Caithness-shire, whose mental characteristics have been described by Dr. Arthur Mitchell. And in the large cities of England there are hosts of waifs and strays of society-of gutter men and children-of tramps of all kinds, who sleep under railway arches or in other equivalents of caves. In Scripture times, too, man dwelt frequently under trees, stones, or rocks, or in caves.

If the nature of man's dwelling is to be regarded as any reflex of his degree of mental development, much cannot be said for the present mental status, the constructive skill, of the hut builders and dwellers of our own Scottish and Irish highlands and islands. The hovels of the Hebridean Islanders, for instance, are no advance on those of many savages, and are not equal, mutatis mutandis, to the nests of many birds. Thus, when compared with them, the bowers of the bower bird appear at a decided advantage (Nichols).

On the other hand, the chimpanzee constructs a dwelling or hut-albeit there are certain defects of construction in the roof (Du Chaillu). The gorilla also build huts-tentes à l'abri (Cassell). Wallace mentions the orang as making in trees, with boughs, what he calls a leafy hut, that quite concealed him from our view.' Cameron is said to have seen, on the shores of Lake Tanganyika, monkeys that 'build a new house every day.'

Again, the beaver weaves a protection against cold in

the form of a round or dome-shaped, conjoint or compound, dwelling, resembling in its structure the basket-making of man, and the wattle huts of savages or settlers. The round form of the beaver's hut appears to be a natural or primitive shape of the dwelling both in man and other animals. It is illustrated alike in the hut of the savage, the nest of the bird, and the cell of the bee (Houzeau).

Moreover, various animals show their appreciation of shelter from wind and rain, from shower or sunshine, by availing themselves of the protection of man's houses, sheds, walls, hedges, or fences, as well as of the natural cover of forests or trees, rocks or stones, hill-sides or stream-banks.

And, lastly, they recognise the necessity for shelter in the case of man; and here their generosity, unselfishness, disinterestedness, or self-sacrifice becomes manifested, as it is in so many other circumstances. The elephant, horse, and other large animals either offer the shelter afforded by their own bodies to their masters-shelter not merely against excessive heat or cold, but not unfrequently against the cruelty of fellow-man- or they afford it, whether or not man seeks it, if they see its desirability on his behalf. The Arab horse, for instance, in the sun-scorched plains of the East, offers the shelter of its body against the powerful sun-rays, while runaway or drunken sepoys have found an asylum under the bellies of friendly elephants.

CHAPTER XXVI.

PREPARATION OF FOOD.

AMONG the many epithets that have been bestowed on man to distinguish him from all other animals, he has been described as pre-eminently a cooking animal-the only animal who cooks or prepares his food prior to using it. The futility or fallacy of such a distinction, however, is proved by the fact that, on the one hand, there are whole races of man that, ignorant of the production of fire, have and take no means of preparing their food; while, on the other, there are certain animals, equally unable themselves to produce fire, that yet use various means of preparing food, or have the sense to adopt the results of man's cookery.

In the first place, then, there are many savage races of man who use flesh and fruits in their raw state, sometimes even in a condition of disgusting putridity. Not only so, but they devour living animals, or flesh cut from living animals. Moreover, they tear flesh food with their teeth, after the manner of the Carnivora.

The animal food on which such savages subsist includes1. Wild animals, both of the larger and smaller sort, including serpents and lizards, mice and other 'vermin.' 2. Fish.

3. Molluscs, such as snails, and various marine shellfish, such as cockles, oysters, and mussels.

4. Various worms and insects or their grubs, including ants and lice.

5. Various animal products-such as wild honey, milk, marrow, fat, or oil.

The vegetable food which affords a means of subsistence,