refraining from punishment. Apparently such animals hold, with magnanimous authors vexed by contemptible critics, or at least they act upon the principle, that

The noblest answer unto such

Is kindly silence when they brawl.

The elephant is satisfied with different degrees of vengeance according to the nature of the provocation; in other words, its placability depends upon the kind and amount of annoyance or ill-usage to which it has been subjected. On the other hand, punishment is sometimes inordinate, disproportionate, unsuitable, and it is apt to be so wherever the passions are unduly excited, whenever the desire for revenge, exasperation, despair, bereavement, fear, or other feelings gain an ascendancy and hurry on to precipitate action. In such cases punishment is apt to be characterised by its fury, pitilessness, mercilessness, by its not stopping short of the death of the victim, and even by indignities to its murdered body.

For instance, when hens attack the sparrow-hawk, more than mere deterrent or corrective punishment is aimed at or involved (White). The long-suffering fowls give vent to long pent-up irritation; they visit upon their victim their hereditary or ancestral, as well as their individual, hostility and vengeance. This leads to the remark that, as in man," the innocent frequently suffer for the misdeeds of the guilty. The unoffending young of a species or genus, some individual of which may have committed a serious misdemeanour, or whose individuals are natural enemies, and are habitually committing faults of aggression, suffer for the misdeeds of their ancestry, parents, species, or genus.

The particular form of punishment adopted sometimes shows much ingenuity in the adaptation of means to ends, and this ingenuity may take the shape of a very refined cruelty. Thus Watson tells us of the blockade of a usurping sparrow by a company of swallows. Such an incident illustrates the frequency and efficiency of co-operation or combination for the purpose of punishing an enemy.

A sparrow having taken possession of a marten's nest,

the dislodged martin collected thirty or forty of its fellows, who dragged out the intruder, took him to a certain grassplot, and there killed him. And similar co-operation in similar kinds of punishment is common in dealing with bird intruders. The basis of such co-operation is a feeling of inability singly to punish an offender, and a knowledge that union gives strength as well as courage, and can effect readily what individual effort could never hope to achieve.

In certain cases a weak animal, instead of seeking the aid of a number of its fellows, contents itself by soliciting the good offices of one-a sufficiently powerful and brave one -to act efficiently as its own substitute in the execution of vengeance. And small dogs, for instance, sometimes show great sagacity in their selection of a champion, and take great pains to procure him, travelling long distances for the purpose.

In such cases the animal selected appears to accept the office pressed upon it, travels with its oppressed companion to the residence of the bully who has ill-used that companion, discharges its duty of severely punishing the tyrant—perhaps by throttling or worrying him to death-and then goes its way to its home, having received, we cannot doubt, the thanks of the befriended animal.

CHAPTER XXIII.

USE OF NATURAL INSTRUMENTS.

AMONG the many supposed points of difference between man and other animals is his use of tools and weapons, of instruments of all kinds. But such a belief and such an allegation are the obvious errors of thoughtlessness, for very little consideration is required to show that the lower animals, or at least many of them, employ—

1. Their own bodies, or portions or members thereof, as natural instruments, as tools or weapons, as the case may be. 2. Certain natural objects to which they have accessfor instance, sticks and stones.

3. Both the natural instruments of their own bodies or the members thereof, and other natural objects as tools or weapons-in the most effective way.

4. They select, however, the most suitable natural instruments for their special purposes.

5. They maintain all such instruments in good working order, or render them suitable for special uses.

6. Further, they are acquainted with the applications of many of the instruments constructed and used by man, and they behave in accordance with this knowledge.

7. They also use these instruments themselves, and in the same way that man does.

8. They substitute those of man for their own natural instruments when they find the former at once more accessible, more convenient, and more effective.

9. They use more than one instrument at the same time, the one supplementing or assisting the other.

It will appear in the sequel that certain animals may be

said to be tool- or weapon-makers, just as they are indubitably tool- or weapon-users. They may surely be said so far to form their own tools or weapons when they break off portions of the stems or branches of trees, stripping the foliage or not, as may be desirable, so as to form sticks, cudgels, or clubs, fans or whisks, sunshades, bedclothes, or huts, or when the chimpanzee constructs a drum out of a piece of dead wood (Houzeau).

In the first place, then, many of the lower animals use either their whole bodies or portions of them-such as the back, shoulder, arms and legs, fingers, toes, or claws, hands, paws, hoofs or feet, cheeks, mouth, jaws or teeth, beaks or bills, nose, proboscis, mandibles or antennæ, heads or horns, spines, fins or flippers, tails or wings, spurs or other appendages-either as tools or weapons, as circumstances may require.

The Quadrumana use their arms in a very humanlike fashion in the carrying about of their infants, and in various kinds of embrace. The anthropoid apes carry their infants either in their arms, after the usual European fashion, or perch them upon their backs or shoulders-the latter being customary to this day among Egyptian women, as I have myself seen. The orang-utan swims with its infant perched on one shoulder, using one of its arms and hands to hold the infant in position (Pierquin). Baboons and other apes carry their young on their backs (Houzeau)—an operation that requires the use of the arm both of mother and child. Diana monkeys carry each other on their backs (Cassell). The soko (Livingstone), ouistiti monkey, and various apes (Houzeau) and monkeys (Miss Gordon Cumming) carry their young in front of the chest, as human mothers or nurses do, and fondle or 'dandle' them in the same way. Miss Gordon Cumming tells us of monkeys in India nursing their babies as tenderly as a woman . . sometimes

carrying a baby in each arm,' or the babies were seen 'sitting on their (mothers') backs, with their little arms round the parental necks.' They sometimes also run on all fours, 'with the baby slung below and grasping the parental body. Sometimes the young one sits on the shoulder or astride on

the back. In short, whatever attitudes human beings could devise seem to come quite naturally to these absurd creatures.' The artist of the 'Graphic' who accompanied the Prince of Wales in his Indian journey in 1875-76, describing the tame and sacred Durga monkeys of the Temple of Benares, represents the mother monkeys as there running about with their babies clasped tightly to their breasts;' and the anthropoid apes in the same way strain their infants to their breasts. The chimpanzee carries its young in its arms. (Houzeau).

In the same way, moreover, in which they carry about and nurse or fondle their own young, various of the Quadrumana carry about and nurse or fondle human infants as well as various animal pets. Thus Berkeley tells us of a monkey that carried a human child companion in its arms, though it carried the poor child by tucking him under its arm, head downwards, and so taking him for air to the roof. The Animal World' mentions a tame baboon carrying a dog in the same way. Livingstone reports that the soko carries in its arms the children of kidnapped natives.

6

We have seen that certain of the Quadrumana use their arms in the caressing or embracing of their young. They do so also in embracing each other, whether the embrace be an expression of mutual or marital affection or the grip or hug of the wrestler in jest or earnest. They frequently hug or embrace their mates-wives or husbands-just as human beings do in civilised society. Thus the orang-utan uses its arms for embracing its mate (Cassell). The soko grapples with man (Livingstone), and apes grip each other in wrestling, just as our Cumberland or Westmoreland men do. Baboons embrace their young (Houzeau). Bartlett speaks of the mutual embraces of the chimpanzee; Cassell of hugging or embracing each other in the siamang and the tocque monkey; and various other monkeys or apes caress each other by circling the arms round the neck. A male siamang also embraced its master (Cassell).

The Quadrumana use their hands for many of the same purposes to which man applies them; for instance

" Graphic,' January 5, 1876, p. 123.