River, in North Carolina, and became three tribes, the Kautanohakan, Kauwetseka, and Tuscarora, and united into a league, and were at war with the Nanticokes and totally on the seashores. About this time the Long House became numerous and powerful; each nation could muster as follows: the Mohawks, 5,000 warriors; Oneidas 3,500 warriors; Senecas, 6,000 warriors; Onondagas, 4,000; Cayugas, 4,500; total amount, 23,000 warriors. The Mohawk was considered an elder brother, and was appointed to keep a watch towards the sunsetting. The senators met annually, at the fort Onondaga, to promote their national prosperity. The Long House were free, independent nations, and have been acknowledged such in treaties made with them by the neighboring nations. Every independent nation have a government of their own; they have a national committee meet occasionally; they have a chief ruler, named Ankoyaner,' a peace-maker, who is invested with authority to administer the government. Each nation has a right to punish individuals of their own nation for offences committed within their jurisdiction; each nation is bound to oppose any hostile invasions of the enemy.

Of the reign of Atotarho X. Cusick relates but little, except a story of a contest with a monstrous bear.

In the following reign a great war occurs. This the historian places at the period of about one hundred and fifty years before Columbus discovered America.

The Tuscaroras possessed the country lying between the seashore and the mountains which divide the Atlantic States, but afterwards a contest arose with the southern nations, the Oyetoh, Kwntarirosaumuh, Oaweda.

1 Ankoyaner, Lord or Nobleman. No one can hold this office except a member of the Turtle tribe. He governs the nation, but is not allowed to go out to war; his duty is to stay at home and preserve peace among his people.

The war lasted many years. The Tuscaroras' frontier settlements were reduced considerably, but they send messengers for assistance from their brethren, the Five Nations, and at last the enemy was compelled to suspend hostility.

The Bear tribes nominate the chief warrior of the nation. The law of the Confederation provides the Onondagas to furnish a king, and the Mohawks a great war-chief of the Five Nations.

About this time an earthquake was felt throughout the kingdom, supposed a large comet fell into some of the lakes; and other signs were seen in the heavens. The Defender ceased from visiting the people in bodily form, but appeared to prophet. In a dreain he foretells the Whites would cross the Big Waters and bring strong liquors, and buy up the red people's lands; he advises them not to comply with the wishes of the Whites, lest they should ruin themselves and displease their Maker. They would destroy the Tree of Peace and extinguish the great council-fire at Onondaga, which was so long preserved to promote their national sovereignty.

In the reign of Atotarho XII., perhaps fifty years before Columbus discovered America, there was a war between the Mohawks and Mohegans, maintained by small expeditions; but finally the Mohawks received orders from the King to invite the two confederate nations, the Oneidas and the Onondagas, to unite against the common enemy, who was compelled to sue for peace.

In the reign of Atotarho XIII. Columbus discovered America. At this time the Keatahkiehroneah were fighting with their neighboring tribes, and were injurious to their frontier settlements. The Five Nations sent Thoyenogea, with an army of five thousand warriors, and defeated the Keatahkiehroneah and drove them west side of the Ohio River, and they lay waste the enemy's country, and attacked other tribes, &c. About this time the Erians declared a war against the Five Nations; a long bloody war ensued; at last

the Erians were driven from the country, and supposed were incorporated with some of the southern nations, after which the kingdom enjoyed without disturbance for many years.

The Mohawk was considered the oldest language of the Confederacy.

So ends, with a list of Mohawk and Tuscarora names, the History of David Cusick, the value of which is inestimable, it being authentic, and from the pen of a native. It is seen in the history of the thirteen kings, that a gradual progress was made from the first establishment of the Confederacy. There is less superstition shown in the reigns of the last three kings. Marvel and mystery gradually recede into the shadows of the barbaric world, from whence the Indians of the Iroquois Confederacy emerge into the higher social position of senators and law-givers.

Witchcraft itself is believed to arise in some far southern countries. The giants are in the borders of the Rocky Mountains.

The judicious adjustment of power among the Five Nations, the considerate measures for the protection of the weaker tribes in the Iroquois Confederacy, indicated in the speech of Hiawatha,—are illustrations of the character of this remarkable race of savages.

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It is from evidences furnished in their Rites, and from Indian history, that the fact is disclosed that the red men had evolved a theory of governmental polity, on the basis of which civilization might have risen. It proves that isolated humanity moves out of barbarism into civilization, by the force of its own inherent capacity. Led by the Holder of the Heavens (to use

the sacred name of the Tuscarora historian), an acknowledgment of whom arises from an innate consciousness of overruling deity, man emerges from the savage to the social state, in which fraternal relations are recognized, and a common brotherhood declared. This relationship is disclosed in the Scriptural name of the first parent, Adam, or red earth, from whose paternal bosom Indian tradition and comparative mythology determine sprang the red man.

"These savages," remarks Père le Jeune, "are free from the great evil that disturbs the peace of the Europeans. I speak of avarice and ambition."

Of the French a Jossakeed remarks: "They have no intelligence; they vex themselves; they worry. We are different. Nothing disturbs us. As for myself, should famine press upon me, should life be threatened, our enemies the Hurons slay our people, I should be tranquil. I am content. I fear nothing." "Il suffit à un sauvage de dire, Je suis homme, pour braver la mort," remarks La Potherie. This tranquil state of mind is one of the recognized virtues which is acquired by the Jossakeed in his early youth; but it is not a universal habit of the Indian mind. The imperturbable stoic of the forest is the hero of his tribe. He is distinguished from his people, as is the devotee of India, whose endurance of torture marks a saintly beatitude of soul. It is related by a traveller that he had seen a Hindoo devotee who had held his hand and arm extended above his head eleven years, for the sake of absorption into deity, or nigban, hoping by this torture to arrive at eternal repose, an extinction of all desire, a cessation of individual will. Placidity of soul was the aim of the Indian Jossakeed also. To be

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unmoved by emotions of affection, of fear or desire, was the savage's idea of a heroic character. To have strength of heart, as he termed courage, was his highest ambition.

A winter of scarcity of game had brought a band of Indians to the verge of famishing. One early spring morning a party of hunters started on an expedition to a part of the country where they had been informed through dream-omens that there was game. As they moved onward in the silent march of the single file, one of their number saw a man sitting alone upon a rock on the brow of the hill. The hunter left his companions and went to him. As he approached he spoke, but no answer was returned. He went nearer, and reaching out his hand touched the man upon the shoulder; the man was dead. Alone, upon an eminence, under the canopy of the heavens, he had breathed out his soul. He had sought no sympathy. He had left his people, that he might die alone.

It was with such equanimity that the Indian warrior aspired to meet death.

Examples of the Indian's unflinching endurance in torture have already been given. The story of the capture of Canonchet, chief sachem of the Narragansetts, discloses his heroism, displayed in humiliation, defeat, and death:

An expedition in 1676, headed by Captain George Denison of Stonington and Captain Avery of New London, was sent out against the Narragansetts. Meeting with an Indian man (whom they slew) and two squaws, they made them confess that Canonchet, or Nannuntenso, as he had formerly been called, was not far off. Following the tracks which their scouts discovered, they soon came in view of some wigwams near Pawtucket, or Blackstone River. Canonchet being with.