"The City of Hochelaga is round, compassed about with timber, with three courses of rampires, one within another, framed like a sharp spire, but laid across above. The middlemost of them is made and built as a divert line, but perpendicular. The rampires are framed and fashioned with pieces of timber, laid along on the ground, very well and cunningly joined together after their fashion. This enclosure is in height about two rods. It hath but one gate or entry thereat, which is shut with piles, stakes and bars. Over it, and also in many places of the wall, there be places to run along, and ladders to get up, all full of stones, for the defence of it. There are in the town about fifty houses, about fifty paces long and twelve or fifteen broad, built all of wood, covered over with the bark of the wood as broad as any board, very finely and cunningly joined together. Within the said houses, there are many rooms, lodgings and chambers. In the midst of every one, there is a great court, in the middle whereof they make their fire. They live in common together: then do the husbands, wives and children each one retire themselves to their chambers. They have also on the top of their houses certain garrets, wherein they keep their corn."*

After experiencing a very kind reception from the inhabitants of Hochelaga, Carthier returned on the 4th of October to his pinnace, and the next day departed with his pinnace and boats for Santa Croix, where he arrived on the 11th, and the day after was visited by the natives. In the description of their usages it is said,

They keep and observe the rites of matrimony, saving that every one weddeth two or three wives, which (their husbands being dead) do never marry again, but for the

* Hakluyt's Collection, vol. 3, p. 220.

death of their husbands wear a certain black weed all the days of their life, besmearing all their faces with coal dust and grease mingled together as thick as the back of a knife, and by that they are known to be widows."*

In December, that pestilence, the scurvy, seems to have been among the people of Stadacona, and to have spread to the French. So that by the middle of March, of one hundred and ten persons eight were dead, and the rest so sick that it was thought they would not recover, except three or four. The cap⚫tain then walking out met Domagara, who had been very sick, and was now cured by drinking a decoction of the bark and leaves of sassafras, and putting the dregs upon his legs. The French tried this remedy, and found it very efficient both for the scurvy and some other diseases.†

Hitherto the relations between Carthier and the Indians had been those of amity and confidence; so much so that Donnacona, on the 17th of September, presented him a female child (his sister's) about ten or twelve years old, and two male children yet younger; and when he was at Hochelai, one of the chief lords offered him two of his children, a daughter seven or eight years old, and a son only two or three, of which Carthier only took the former, considering the other too young. Now, however, some suspicion and distrust seem to have arisen. And Carthier determined to take some prisoners to France to shew to the king. It may be questioned whether this determination was not as much the cause as the effect of the course of the natives. On the 3d of May, being

* Hakluyt's Collection, vol. 3, p. 223. † Id. p. 225, 6, 7.

Holyrood day, he had a cross of thirty-five feet in height set up, under which was hung a shield, whereon was the arms of France, and over them was written Franciscus primus, Dei Gratia, Francorum Rex regnat. The same day, many of the natives visited the French, and Carthier had Donnacona, Targnoagny and Domagia, and two more of the chief men taken. At this Donnacona's men were greatly distressed, but they were told that Donnacona would be rewarded by the King of France, and return to them again in ten or twelve months. They returned thanks for this, and said if it should be so they would give many things.

On the 6th of May, Carthier departed from the port of Santa Croix. It was the 21st, before he could leave the Isle of Filberts. Then he passed to Honguedo; a passage not before discovered. On the 16th of June, he went from St. Peter's islands, and came to Cape Ruse, to a port called Rognoso. This port was left by Carthier the 19th of June; and he had so good a voyage that on the 6th of July 1536, he was again at St. Malo.

CHAPTER XI.

Of a voyage of Mr. Hore and others from England to the northwest in 1536.

The following account is from the third volume of Hakluyt's Collection, page 129 to 131. Mr. Biddle, in his Memoir of Cabot, page 278, referring to this voyage, says it evidently contemplated an adventurous range of research. Members of the bar will be attracted by the name of Mr. Rastall, Sergeant Rastall's brother:

"The master Hore of London, a man of goodly stature and of great courage, and given to the study of cosmography, in the twenty-eighth year of King Henry the Eighth, and in the year of our Lord 1536, encouraged divers gentlemen and others, being assisted by the king's favour and good countenance, to accompany him in a voyage of discovery upon the northwest parts of America: wherein his persuasions took such effect, that within short space many gentlemen of the inns of court and of the chancery, and divers others of good worship, desirous to see the strange things of the world, very willingly entered into the action. with him, some of whose names were as followeth Mr. Weekes, a gentleman of the west country, of five hundred marks by the year living; Mr. Tucke, a gentleman of Kent; Mr. Tuckfield; Mr. Thomas Buts, the son of Sir William Buts, knight, of Norfolk, which was lately living, and from whose mouth I wrote most of this relation; Mr. Hardie; Mr. Biron; Mr. Carter; Mr. Wright; Mr. Rastall, Sergeant

Rastall's brother; Mr. Ridley, and divers others, which all were in the Admiral, called the Trinity, a ship of seven score tons, wherein Mr. Hore himself was embarked. In the other ship, whose name was the Minion, went a very learned and virtuous gentleman, one Mr. Armigil Wade, afterwards clerk of the councils of King Henry the Eighth and King Edward the Sixth, father to the worshipful Mr. William Wade, now clerk of the privy council; Mr. Oliver Dawbeney, merchant of London; Mr. Joy, afterward gentleman of the King's Chapel, with divers other of good account. The whole number that went in the two tall ships aforesaid, to wit, the Trinity and the Minion, were about six score persons, whereof thirty were gentlemen, which all we mustered in warlike manner at Gravesend, and after the receiving of the sacrament, they embarked themselves in the end of April 1536.

"From the time of their setting out from Gravesend, they were very long at sea, to wit, about two months, and never touched any land until they came to part of the West Indias about Cape Breton, shaping their course thence northeastwards, until they came to the island of Penguin, which is very full of rocks and stones, whereon they went, and found it full of great fowls, white and grey, as big as geese, and they saw infinite numbers of their eggs. They drove a great number of the fowls into their boats upon their sails, and took up many of their eggs: the fowls they flayed, and their skins were very like honey combs full of holes, being flayed off: They dressed and eat them and found them to be very good and nourishing meat. They saw also store of hares both black and white, of whom they killed some, and took them for no bad food.

"Mr. Oliver Dawbeney, which (as it is before mentioned) was in this voyage, and in the Minion, told Mr. Richard Hakluyt of the Middle Temple, these things following, to wit: That after their arrival in Newfoundland, and having