Then was seen a cape, that, from Cape Royal, lies southwest about thirty-five leagues, and because it was Saint John's day, Carthier named it Cape Saint John.

On the 25th of June, he sailed in the bay northwest and by west about seven and a half leagues from the cape of St. John, and then southeast about fifteen leagues, and came to three islands, which he named the islands of Margaulx. About five leagues from them, on the west, was an island about two leagues in length and the same in breadth, with better soil than had been seen in the new land, and many bears and wolves on it, which he named Brion's island. About four leagues from it towards west southwest is the firm land. A cape named Cape Dolphin, is described as the beginning of good grounds.

On the 27th and 28th, Carthier went along the land, passing a cape called St. Peter's Cape, and an island named Alezai. The 29th and 30th, the wind blowing south and by east, he sailed westward without any sight of land till evening. The cape then seen was called Cape Orleans. Another, seven leagues from it, lying north and by east, was called Wild Men's Cape. A river wherein boats of wild men were seen was called the River of Boats. Carthier entered this river, and was pleased with the temperature of the country and the quality of the land: there was here a great change from what had been seen before; nothing was now wanting but good harbours. He describes himself as being on the 3d of July in a gulf or bay, the midst of which is fortyseven degrees and a half in latitude. A cape south

was called the Cape of Hope, from the hope that a passage would be found there; a harbour on the north side was named St. Martin's. Here Carthier's vessels stayed from the 4th of July till the 12th, during which time he and his men visited the Bay des Chaleurs, so called from its great heat, and trafficked with the natives.

On the 12th of July, Carthier went from St. Martin's creek along the sea coast eastward about eighteen leagues, to the Cape of Prato, near which he anchored that night. He went thence to a river five or six leagues northward, where, because of the badness of the weather, he stayed in harbour till the 25th. The natives here were seen fishing for mackerel, of which there was great plenty. Carthier and his men went on land: the natives received them in a friendly manner, and traded with them.

"Upon the 24th of the month," the account proceeds,* "we caused a fair high cross to be made of the height of thirty foot, which was made in the presence of many of them, upon the point of the entrance of the said haven, in the midst whereof we hanged up a shield with three Floure de Luces in it, and in the top was carved in the wood with antique letters this posy, VIVE LE ROY DE FRANCE. Then before them all we set it upon the said point. They with great heed beheld both the making and setting of it up. So soon as it was up, we altogether kneeled down before them, with our hands toward Heaven, yielding God thanks; and we made signs unto them, showing them the Heavens, and that all our salvation dependeth only on Him which in them dwelleth: whereat they showed a great admiration, looking first one at another, and then upon the cross.

* 3 Hakluyt, p. 209.

And

after we were returned to our ships, their captain, clad in an old bear's skin, with three of his sons, and a brother of his with him, came unto us in one of their boats, but they came not so near us as they were wont to do: there he made a long oration unto us, showing us the cross we had set up, and making a cross with two fingers; then did he show us all the country about us, as if he would say that all was his, and that we should not set up any cross without his leave. His talk being ended, we showed him an axe, faining that we would give it him for his skin, to which he listened, for by little and little he came near our ships. One of our fellows that was in our boat, took hold on theirs and suddenly leapt into it, with two or three more, who enforced them to enter into our ships, whereat they were greatly astonished. But our captain did straightways assure them, that they should have no harm, nor any injury offered them at all, and entertained them very friendly, making them eat and drink. Then did he show them with signs that the cross was but only set up to be as a light and leader which ways to enter into the port, and that we would shortly come again and bring good store of iron wares and other things, but that we would take two of his children with us, and afterward bring them to the said port again; and so we cloathed two of them in shirts and coloured coats, with red caps, and put about every one's neck a copper chain, whereat they were greatly contented: then gave they their old cloaths to their fellows that went back again, and we gave to each one of those three that went back, a hatchet and some knives, which made them very glad. After these were gone and had told the news unto their fellows, in the afternoon there came to our ships five boats of them, with five or six men in every one, to take their farewell of those two we had detained to take with us, and brought them some fish, uttering many words which we did not understand, making signs that they would not remove the cross we had set up."

On the 25th of July, Carthier, coming out of the river, sailed east northeast. He proceeded along the land which lay southeast and northwest till the 29th, when he saw another cape where the land began to bend toward the east. This cape was in latitude forty-nine degrees and a half: he named it Cape St. Aluise, because it was his day. From St. Aluise Cape to another called Cape Memorancie, about fifteen leagues, the land begins to bend northwest.

Carthier went along the land to the latitude of fifty degrees, still bending northwest. From the 1st to the 5th of August, he was between high lands, distant from one to the other about fifteen leagues: the middle between them both was fifty degrees and a half in latitude. Because, on St. Peter's day he entered this strait, he named it St. Peter's Strait. A cape lying southward, where the land begins to bend southwest he named Cape Tiennot, after the captain of the people who were on that cape, some of whom came to the ships. It was now determined to proceed homeward. On the 15th of August, he departed from the port of White Sands, and on the 5th of September was again at the port of St. Malo. After the return of Carthier, the land which he had visited was, by the French, generally called New France.

46

CHAPTER X.

Of the second voyage of Jacques Carthier, wherein he explored the St. Lawrence in 1535.

Jacques Carthier commenced his second voyage from St. Malo, on the 19th of May, with three ships. There was stormy weather on the way, which separated the ships. That of Carthier arrived in Newfoundland the 7th of July, and came to the island of Birds in forty-nine degrees forty minutes. On the 8th he came to the port of White Sands in the bay of Castles, where on the 26th he was joined by the other two ships. On the 29th, sailing along the northern coast, that runs northeast and southwest, he passed two islands which he called St. William's islands; they are described as twenty leagues or more from the port of Brest. On the 30th he sailed westward to other islands which he named St. Martha's islands. The last of July, he came to other islands distant about seventeen leagues and a half from St. German's cape; and seven leagues further to Cape Thiennot. Seven leagues and a half beyond this cape, he found amidst four islands that stretch into the sea, a haven which he named St. Nicholas haven, where he rested till the 7th of August, having in the mean time set up on one of the islands a wooden cross. Charlevoix says, this harbour was on the north shore, near the mouth of the St. Lawrence; and he