Elements of Physics Or Natural History

Portada
Appleton, 1877 - 873 páginas
 

Contenido

illustrations restoration of cohesion
23
Force of cohesion varies with distance
28
Three states of matter solid liquid gas determined by cohe sion and heatmotion
29
Varieties of cohesive manifestation
30
illustrations petrifaction
31
specific gravity
36
Crystallization a result of a molecular polar cohesion
40
Analysis of the section
41
The amorphous state of bodies
46
Uniformly accelerated or retarded motion
47
Mohrs scale tempering
48
Ruperts drops annealing
52
elastic limit
54
asbestos
58
metallic leaf
59
PAGE Table of Contents
61
platinum wire
62
resistance of materials to stretching table
64
limpid and viscous liquids
68
Porosity density and elasticity of liquids
71
All natural motions retarded
75
examples
76
PAGE ART 95 Kinetic and Potential condition of all Energy 183
77
adhesion in solids and liquids
78
Solution due to adhesion
81
Adhesion between liquids
82
rise of liquids in fine tubes
84
The principle of Energy
88
Chemical kinetic and potential Energy 186
95
Kinetic and potential heatenergy 188
98
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat 192
101
Conservation of Energy 193
102
PART II
103
the kneejoint the lazy tongs 140 ii Cumulative machines flywheels
140
iii Modification of direction ART 254 257 258
141
259
142
263
143
265
145
266
146
267
147
268
149
271
151
275
153
279
155
281
156
288
158
girders tubular bridges
160
1991
161
The strength of the arched form illustrated
162
PART III
165
liquid gas Fundamental property of fluids
166
The hydrostatic paradox
167
the hydrostatic bellows the Bramah Press
168
illustrations
170
Liquids press in all directions
173
Horizontal surface of liquids at rest
174
Liquids seek their own level
175
Illustrations of this
176
the spiritlevel
178
the Suez canal
179
Geological effects of liquids seeking their level
180
the Nile Rhone Rhine
181
tides inundations
183
Artesian wells
184
Liquids of different densities
186
floating
187
Loss of weight in water
189
hydrostatic paradox
191
Practical method of finding the Centre of Gravity
196
Centre of Gravity of homogeneous mass
197
Of any two connected masses
198
Of a triangular plate or rods
199
Of a pyramid and of a cone
200
specific gravity of liquids and gases of soluble solids of powders 335
201
Centre of gravity tends downwards
202
Illustrations of this tendency
203
Stability of position and structure
205
Examples of stable and unstable equilibrium
207
Attitudes of animals illustrate this
210
Seasickness
213
Vegetable forms illustrate this subject
214
centre of centrifugal force
217
of oscillation
219
Analysis of the section The mechanical Powers
221
Real object of simple machines
223
does not magnify force
226
Perpetual motion impossible
227
its real use examined
228
illustrations
231
steelyard
233
examples
236
compound and bent levers
237
capstan windlass c
240
cranes spinningwheel
243
railway gradients
244
examples
246
Table of Contents PAGE ART 248 The Law of Charles 413
247
The weight of the atmosphere 414
248
Extension of the term Mechanical Power
253
Capillary depression 88
264
PAGE AKT 318 The stethoscope 487
318
its measure its variation with
319
History of the science
346
Law of liquids issuing by an orifice
347
The vena contracta
349
Frictional resistance to moving fluids
350
The flow of liquids through orifices
352
Liquid friction
355
height form the bore of a river
357
law of liquid resistance
360
Applications to navigation
362
Aerial resistance
364
Fluid resistance influenced by shape of solid
365
undershot breast and overshot
369
the waterhammer
370
levigating geological action of liquids winnowing
373
Oblique fluid actionof wind on a sailing vessel
375
gun rifling
377
feathering of an arrow
381
Heat a form of Energy
383
Mechanical theory of Heat
384
The Sun the natural source of Heat
385
bucketwheel chainpump ropepump
387
The source of Solar Heat
388
Persian wheel
389
575
390
Barkers mill Turbine Centrifugalpump
391
Source of terrestrial heat 578
393
Analysis of the section History of the science
395
Physical states of matter dependent on heat
396
Illustrations from mercury and camphor
397
Airits lightness and elasticity
398
Liquefaction and solidification of gases
399
condensing syringe the airpump
400
582
401
Heat and Cold relative terms 584 588
402
Law of gaseous elasticity
403
airgun
404
Conductors and Nonconductors
405
the fireengine divingbell
406
Natural coverings of animals
408
The Cartesian diver
409
Heros fountain
410
Pressure of fluids in all directions
411
Kinetic theory of gases
412
Retention of Heat by bodies Action of Heat on Glass
413
Annealing and Tempering of solids
414
the Magdeburg hemispheres
415
Influence of Clothing
416
Principles of the safety lamp
417
165
418
The sucking or lifting pump
419
the syphon
420
Examples of the syphon principle
422
Atmospheric pressure illustrated
423
cupping
424
Climatic changes
425
Measurement of mountains by the barometer
434
fall of the barometer as we ascend
435
Use of barometer to find specific gravity
436
Use of barometer in mines
438
Effects of atmospheric pressure
439
Capacity of bodies for heat 441 Specific heat
440
balloons
441
modern ascents the Paris siegeballoons
443
flame and smoke
445
fireplaces and stoves causes of smoky chimneys
447
the tradewinds the seabreeze and landbreeze of the tropics
449
cyclones typhoons
451
Expansion of bodies by heat
453
The pneumatic trough and gasometer
454
Increase of bulk in solids
455
its laws
456
Expansion of liquids 448 Wet bulb thermometer 450 Formation of Glaciers and Icebergs 648 652 658 660 664
459
dialysisits medical uses
460
Unequal expansion
462
experiments operation of osmose
464
Geisslers and Sprengels airpump
468
Boiling point of water
469
Spheroidal state of liquids
470
Analysis of the section Sound is motion
471
influence of form on vibration of a solid
473
wavemotion chainwaves amplitude
475
Superheated steam
476
power of air to trans mit mechanical shocks explosions
477
171
478
sensitive flames
479
the vocal Memnon seashells
482
sympathetic sounds
483
Velocity of sound in hydrogen and in air
484
174
485
temperature c
488
The Cryophorus
491
Velocity of sound in liquids and solids
492
Intensity of sound
494
reflection of sound
495
Acoustic transparency of the air
497
Tyndalls experiments
498
176
499
whispering galleries
500
The different Scales
501
the speakingtrumpet acoustic deceptions
503
Differential thermometer
504
Pyrometers
505
Table of high and low temperatures
506
Passage of Heat into Light
507
Musical sounds and noises
508
Chemical effects of Heat 511 Influence on germination and incubation 512 Phenomena of combustion 666 667 669 675 676 681 683 687
509
Means of producing musical sounds
510
724
511
The three elements of a musical sound
512
its cause the syren its construction and use
513
octaves
515
Numerical relations between the notes of the scale
517
incandescence 734
518
Length of musical airwaves
519
its physical explanation
520
Heat and light of combustion 736
521
the phonautograph
522
Nature of flame 738
523
Helmholtzs view overtones
524
Products of Combustion
525
179
527
harmonics of a string Æolian harp
529
ventral segments
532
keynote melody harmony time
535
Temperature of the bodies of animals
536
Heat borne by man and animals
537
the tuningfork
539
Source of animal heat
540
Chladnis soundfigures
542
Vibrations of rods and wires
543
Kundts experiments
544
organpipes their mode of vibration reedpipes the voice the glottis
546
182
547
Mechanical equivalent of heat
548
the chemical harmonicon
551
Musical glasses
552
perception duration direction intensity of sounds ventriloquism
553
Heat Light Electricity and Magnetism
554
The material and dynamic theories
555
Sources of Light 557 Light from the
556
Light from Combustion
558
Heat the supporter of Animal and Vegetable Life
559
Influence on climate
560
Heat and Temperature
561
The Radiometer
563
Nonluminous bodies
564
Velocity of light
571
Atmospheric refraction
578
Action of Lenses
585
599
599
Persistence of Impressions
601
Apparent size of objects
612
Chiaroscuro
629
Principles of the Stereoscope
636
The Telescope
642
Reflection of Light
649
Concave and Convex mirrors
655
Solar Spectrum and Spectrum analysis
663
The Spectroscope
667
Chemical properties of Light
673
Old and New Theories of Light
689
Holtzs Induction Machine
706
The Leyden
707
The Electric Battery
709
Velocity of the Electric flash
713
The Electricity of the Atmosphere
714
Current or Voltaic Electricity
716
Voltaic batteries
719
Daniells battery and its varieties
721
Groves and Bunsens Batteries
722
Manipulation of Batteries
724
Galvanic deposition of metals
726
Electrolysis
727
Decomposition of Water
728
the Loadstone
731
Magnetism a polar force
732
Magnetic Induction Magnetization of iron
734
The Electromagnet
736
Diamagnetism
737
Terrestrial Magnetism
738
Variations of the Compass
739
Magnetic charts
740
Electromagnetism
741
Galvanometers
743
Electrodynamics
745
Electromagnetic Engines
746
Electric clocks
747
Induced Electric currents
748
Ruhmkorffs Induction coil
749
Magnetoelectric induction
752
Thermoelectricity
756
The Thermopile
757
The Electric Telegraph
758
The Morse Telegraph
763
Submarine Telegraphs
766
Duplex Telegraphy
768
Rapidity of transmission
769
Solar Telegraphy
770
PART V
773
1012
774
773
778
1017
779
The Earths rotation
787
Instruments of the Astronomical Observatory
793
1040
805
1045
812
The description of the
818
Transit of Venus
824
Constitution of Comets
830
Conductibility of solids 485
835
Constituents of bone
849
Electrical Machines

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