be attributed the frequency of colic among the horses of the Turkish army.

From the established notion that when a horse is in the stable he ought not to discontinue eating, the Turks fill the mangers with straw so soon as they are empty. The barley is given in two feeds, one at six o'clock in the morning, and the other at two in the afternoon, without being previously sifted and examined. It is given to the horses to eat in nosebags. The daily ration may be estimated at 22lbs. of straw and 7lbs. of barley.

The horses drink but once a day in winter, and twice in summer. They are led or ridden to the watering-place, which is generally in the neighbourhood of the stables. There being no springs of water in Constantinople, and the supply of that vital necessary being brought by subterranean aqueducts only, it not unfrequently happens that a dearth of water is experienced. When that occurs, the commission charged with the distribution of the supply cuts off the communication of a whole quarter from the aqueducts; and should a barrack be situated therein, men and horses are compelled to go for water at great distances. According to an ancient custom, all horses are turned out to grass for a month every year. The Turks are imbued with the notion that both they and their horses require a depurative treatment once a year, and the period which they consider the most favourable for it is the month of May. They then martyrize themselves with blood-lettings, cuppings, and purgatives, and stuff themselves with sallads rinsed in water and seasoned with salt. The horses are bled before taken up from grass, and made to swallow, besides, an egg-shell filled with resin of the juniper-tree. This custom of putting horses out to grass is general; those of private individuals are exempt from it no more than those of the Imperial stables. Of late years exception has been made in favour of the horses of the two regiments of Artillery of the Guard, and was acceded to at the urgent request of the Prussian officer in command, in order not to interrupt the instruction and exercise of those regiments. Since then also the practice has been restricted to send to grass those horses only that are weak, sickly, and incapable of service. The soldiers accompany their horses to the pastures, which are situated some leagues from Constantinople, where they encamp under tents, and porform no exercise during the whole time. On their return to barracks they carefully refrain from subjecting the horse to any fatiguing work.

The mode of cleaning and care of horses in the stable are not less irrational. They are cleaned twice a day: a kind of currycomb is passed a few times over the body of the horse; he is then rubbed down with a broom made of rice-straw; and, lastly, with a piece of haircloth. The mane and fetlocks are left in their natural state; they never clean the feet, and to this neglect must be chiefly attributed the swelling of the legs and accretion of watery humours which are so fre

Juniperus oxycedrus of Linn. The Greeks of the Archipelago, who, despite the Byronic-cant in which they are invested by English modern tourists, are no less ignorant and superstitious than the Turks, cure the itch with this their so-called empyreumatic oil of Kedros. It is the huile de Cade of French druggists, long known, but alone used in France for farcy in horses.

quent in winter. It may, in fact, be said that a want of cleanly care prevails throughout; and hence also two-thirds of the horses of a regiment are afflicted with cutaneous eruptions and itching of the skin. The horse-cloths and the bedding-litter are perhaps no slight incentives of this pruriency. The saddles are put upon felt saddle-pads. So soon as the horse is unsaddled and stabled a covering of the same material, the fore part of which is lined with linen-cloth, is spread over his back. The litter consists of dried horse-dung, mixed with clay or mould. This stuff is spread out every evening, to be gathered up in the morning, and stowed under the mangers; the parts impregnated with urine are dried outside the stables. The horse does not lie down in the day, but remains constantly fastened to a ring fixed in the wall above the manger. On their return from field-manoeuvres, the horses are walked about for a quarter to half-an-hour, whatever the time or weather may be, except in cases of rain. The soldier, occupied with other thoughts than those of his charge, performs this walkingduty after his own fashion. He habitually lights his pipe, and either remains standing with his horse, or lets him loose to walk about if he chooses. The exercise-ground to which the horses are taken being elevated, and close to the sea, the currents of air, particularly in winter, to which they are there exposed are both strong and cutting. This gives rise to numerous rheumatic affections and to frequent colics.

The casting and replacement of a troop-horse is a thing unknown in Turkey; he must be utilized to the last. To think of the purchase of remounts for a regiment until from sixty to eighty horses are wanting to its efficiency would be a thing unheard of, and by no means agreeable to the Ottoman Minister of Finance. In the selection and purchase of remounts, height, size, and proportions are only considered, and with these only in the eye; age, or other defects which abreviate the period of service, are not taken into account; nor is it rare to see horses 20 years old, and more, admitted as remounts.

With the exception of four military stables, built at the close of the reign of the late Sultan, for the lodgment of the horses of the Artillery and of the two regiments of Cavalry, all the military stables of Constantinople are very defective. They are dark, low, and narrow; and as the stable-guard cook their meals there, and scarcely ever put aside the pipe, the unhealthiness of these localities may be readily accounted for. The mangers are of wood, and there are no hay-racks.

The mode of attachment generally used, even in the Imperial stables, is by foot-shackling the horses; and passing a chain or rope through the shackles, which is then fixed to a bar or chain that supplies the place of stall-pillars. This system of attachment has a prejudicial influence upon young horses, prevents them from standing in aplomb, or perpendicular on the legs, and induces in many a curvature of the limbs.

The new stables are better in arrangement and disposition of space: each horse has an interval separated by cords, which take the place of the bars the soil or ground of the stalls, which require frequent repairs, is covered with a stratum of clay mixed with straw. These

stables are spacious, well lighted, and form a quadrangle, with a cellar in the centre. The horses are placed on two rows, croup to croup. At the angles, raised to a level with the horses, are compartments resembling wooden cages, wherefrom the stable-guard and night-watch command at once a full view of the whole stable.

As regards form and character, the diseases common to the equine race differ here in no respect from those observed in the West of Europe. The bovine race are numerously represented by powerful Hungarian oxen, imported thither and throughout the Turco-European provinces, for draught, the transport of heavy goods, and agricultural labours. Among the diseases to which these are subject, a German veterinary, who practised here nearly four years, affirmed, as I am told, that he never met either with exsudative pleuro-pneumony nor contagious or black typhus.

Canine madness seems equally unknown; for two medical men, who have been established in practice for from fifteen to twenty years in Constantinople, never heard of a case of hydrophobia communicated to any human being.

The most frequent external injuries of horses are lameness of the shoulder and of the hip; foot lamenesses, on the other hand, are very rare, so great is the solidity and resisting-power of the horn of the hoof; but ninety out of every hundred horses are more or less affected with flesh-boils and rotteness of the frog. Towards the end of autumn and in the beginning of the spring water-farcy of the legs is very prevalent, and often obstinate in character; but this does not constitute a serious affection. Opthalmic ailments, with exception of periodic fluxion, are common enough; but few horses go blind nevertheless, and a loss of sight arises more immediately from amaurosis or star on the eye, than from cataract.

Strangles attacks young horses up to six years old: its progress is regular when the animals are not exposed to inclement weather. So long as they have not lost their appetite, the Turks do not consider them as sick, and continue to use them, when its termination in glanders is of not unfrequent occurrence.

Influenza, under the form of pleurisy and of hepatitis, spares troop horses in Turkey as little as in the west of Europe: the losses may be estimated at from 8 to 10 per 100.

Rheumatic affections are not unfrequent. Rheumatism is partial or general. The cause to which it must be chiefly attributed is the sudden and frequent alternations of temperature; and a great number of old horses are also to be seen which have become unfit for service from contractions of all the four limbs.

Tetanus is not of frequent occurrence; and treated by the method of Waldinger, of thirteen horses, I am told nine affected with tetanus were cured.

Colic is an ailment of every day: indigestion and the accumulation of sand in the intestines are the chief causes of it. The hardness and old age of the barley determines the indigestion: the presence of the sand is owing to the mixture of that substance with the food. The least quantity of pure sea-sand that has been found in twenty autopsies

was 7 kilogrammes (16 lbs.), and the greatest quantity 18 kilogrammes (39 lbs. and 10-100th).

Broken wind is very common; the horses begin by coughing, and they are not long before they become roarers. The origin of this cough must be attributed to the hay with which the Turks feed their horses. When the meadows are mowed the grass is immediately made into hay-cocks; the upper part of these dry in the usual manner, but not being turned and shaken out, the interior becomes heated and decomposed, and the animals to whom this hay is given suffer from the consequences. The great accumulation of sand in the colon, when it has imparted to the intestine a volume and hardness so great as to become an obstruction to the movements of the diaphragm, and the dilatation of the lungs, appears to be no slight contribution to the general collect of symptoms designated by the name short, or broken wind. Of six carcases of broken-winded horses, the presence of sand was found in five, with a perfect integrity of the thoracic organs.

Lastly, glanders and farcy, those two scourges of Western armies, decimate also the Turkish cavalry. Neither officers nor soldiers seem conscious of the danger of these diseases; they do not even yet consider them contagious. Horses with glanders and farcy are utilised as long as their strength permits: when exhausted with work and disease they are then without ceremony turned out of the barrack gates. The poor animals seldom move away to any distance from the barrack which was their home, they linger ever near it, and when the horses of the regiment are ridden out to the watering place, they accompany them, and profit by the opportunity to return with them to the stables, where they resume the places which they previously occupied. But soon the poor beasts are again driven out, or sometimes, moved with pity for them, the soldiers give them a feed of barley or some hay before expelling them wholly from the quarters. It often happens that these horses fall upon the forage exposed before the stables, and cover it with the matter discharged from their nostrils; this hay is afterwards distributed among the healthy horses. I am informed that one of the first propositions made by Godlewsky was to isolate the glandered horses from all the others. This was acceded to for those most affected, the remainder continued their service. Disinfection was a thing wholly unknown. The reasons he urged for the adoption of sanitary measures were listened to, but in no wise regarded. He returned several times to the charge, and it was alone after several years of persevering efforts that he succeeded in introducing a little order into this pitiable state of things. At the present time, so far as regards the Ottoman regiments, glanders and farcy, though not wholly extirpated, are less frequent; but little or no progress has been made in the veterinary art in the outer Ottoman world, whether of the capital or European provinces, and in those of Asia none whatever.

"HERE'S

SPORT INDEED!"

BY LORD WILLIAM LENNOX.

SHAKSPEARE.

CHAPTER LXXXVII.

"England has not hitherto been the land of arm-chair amusements. The turf and the chase, the rod, and the gun, have numbered among their votaries the mass of those whose means allowed them anything beyond the vicissitudes of labour and rest. And those active sports still keep their ground, but with a difference-the sportsman of Queen Victoria's epoch has his evening as well as his morning to employconviviality is chastened, and music or conversation claims the hours formerly resigned to the bottle."

Thus wrote a "Quarterly Reviewer" of our day, a graceful and grateful commentary on the social progress which has attended our national pastimes as well as our graver pursuits. The popular sports of England are now not only manly, they are gentleman-like also. ing and yachting are quite robust enough for chivalry, and modern cricket might content any gentle knight. Horse-racing is the pageantry of British sporting, as it relates to the million, and in its true spirit and intent is every way becoming those whose means render them independent of "the vicissitudes of labour and rest." Hunting serves rural interests, induces proprietors to live upon their estates, promotes the breeding of good horses, and causes large sums to be expended in the country. Racing, when carried on legitimately, is a grand national amusement; when it degenerates into rascality, trickery, and robbery, it is high time to denounce the turf. Sincerely do we trust that the "black sheep" which are to be found in every flock will be driven from the course, that the gang of "Welshers" will be extirpated, and that the ruinous system of "plunging" as it is termed, will be abolished. Yachting cannot be too much extolled, as a healthful invigorating pursuit, and is one which is the cause of giving employment to many a blue-jacket. Cricket is the game of the million; every one from the highest peer of the realm down to the most humble tiller of the soil can indulge in it, and "my lord's" stumps often fall down before the well-directed ball of a rustic labourer.

It must, then, be universally admitted that field sports are the only amusements that entirely detach diversions from business, the only recrcations that are wholly unaccompanied with effeminacy, and always produce a lively pleasure that never satiates or cloys. In what manner can those men be better employed, who, from their situations, are constantly fatigued with company, than in hunting? To enjoy themselves in real social delights-to preserve private affections-to nourish sentiments a thousand times more precious than all the ideas of grandeurthey have need of retirement from the bustle of business; and what retirement can afford greater variety, or be accompanied with more animation than the chase? What exercise can be more beneficial to