onoids, which have but eight tentacles, there exists a regular gradation of complication which in this place can only be announced. It is a fact of extreme interest, however, that the geological succession of coral animals, so far as we can judge, has been coincident with this structural gradation. Of fossil Actinic we can allege nothing, since, having soft bodies, no relics of them could have been preserved if they existed in the early ages of the world's history. But as to the other groups, we find the Fungidæ running through the Silurian, Devonian, 'and Carboniferous ages, while the Porites and Astræans bedecked the submarine parterres of Mesozoic Time, and the Madrepores united with them to adorn the Tertiary seas, and the Halcyonoids belong to the latest times.

A farther extraordinary coincidence is furnished by these coral animals. It has been shown by Agassiz, who examined the Florida Reef under the auspices of the United States Coast Survey, that the true reef-building polyps arrange themselves along the reef in the order of their rank and successive introduction upon the earth. The Actinice do not appear on the reef for the same reason that they do not figure in the records of geology. They are soft-bodied animals, and never secrete coral. The Fungidæ, furthermore, are not compound animals like the reef-builders, and are not confined to any particular depth in the sea. But when we come to the reef-making polyps, we find the true Astræans at the bottom, followed by the Meandrines, a higher section of the Astræans. Next, in ascending along the reef we encounter the architecture of the Porites, the Madrepores, and the Halcyonoids in due succession, and presenting a series of conceptions identical with that found in the structural gradation of polypi, and again in the order of their geological appearance.

What signify now these repetitions of identical succes

sions of ideas? In their structural rank, in their embryonic development, in their geological sequence, and even, in one case, in their relative position in depth, the groups of the animal kingdom give utterance to the same intelligible sentences. This is not the utterance of chance; it is the language of One Intelligence presiding over the evolutions of the organic world through all ages and in all the conditions of its existence.

Other world-harmonies crowd upon our attention. Identical thoughts are written upon the flowers and the stars.

Every one has observed that the leaves of some plants stand in pairs opposite each other, on opposite sides of the stem. In other plants the leaves are scattered over the stem. In this case they are not promiscuously placed, for, on careful observation, we find them disposed in the most. regular manner. Commencing with any given leaf, for instance, we shall find the next leaf above this one third of the distance around the stem; the next, another third; and the next another third, so as to stand exactly over the first. The series is, therefore, arranged in a spiral, which may be designated by the fraction. Taking another plant, we shall find the next leaf above any given one two fifths of the distance around the stem; the next will be four fifths; the next, six fifths, and so on, each leaf moving two fifths of the circumference farther around the stem. In this case the fifth leaf stands over the first, and this superposition is attained after winding twice around the stem. Here we have an order of arrangement, or a spiral, which may be represented by the fraction. In precisely the same way we discover in other plants spirals which may be expressed by the fractions 3, 3, 21, etc. If, in the case of opposite leaves, first mentioned, we conceive that two spirals start from the same level on opposite sides of the stem, it is evident that each successive leaf in each spiral is separated

5

8

8

8,

from its predecessor by an interval or angular distance. equal to one half the circumference of the stem. We have here, then, a spiral expressed by the fraction. The complete series of fractions, therefore, is the following:,,, 3, 15, 21, etc. Now let it be borne in mind that these values are obtained by actual observation, and that there are plants whose leaf-arrangements are known to correspond to each of these fractions severally, as well as others in the series farther continued. But notice the relation which subsists between the successive fractions in the series. Each numerator is equal to the sum of the two preceding numerators, and each denominator to the sum of the two preceding denominators. Knowing this law, we may continue the series to any extent; and it has been so continued, and fractions obtained to which plants have subsequently been found to correspond, though we hardly know how at present to interpret the unrealized possibilities indicated by the higher terms of the series. Is all this the result of chance? Is it not rather mathematics, law, intelligence?

We turn now our attention to the "infinite meadows of heaven," where

'Blossom the lovely stars, the forget-me-nots of the angels."

Neptune, the remotest planet, revolves about the sun in 60,000 days-speaking in round numbers-Uranus, the next, in 30,000 days, which is one half the preceding number; Saturn, the next, in 10,000 days, which is one third the period of Uranus; Jupiter revolves in 4000 days, which is two fifths of the period of Saturn. And so we go on through the system, and find the law expressing the relations of the revolutions of the planets identical with that. which determines the arrangement of the leaves upon the humble stem of a plant.

A little difficulty was at first experienced in applying the law to the group of asteroids; but this difficulty not longer exists, and we now know this wonderful law to be so exact and uniform in its application that, before the discovery of the planet Neptune, the botanist in his garden could have predicted its existence and its place in the heavens with greater precision than the French astronomer in his observatory. Moreover, an examination of this series of fractions renders it impossible that any planet should exist exterior to Neptune, as his periodic revolution corresponds to the beginning of the series; though an indefinite number of planets may exist within the orbit of Mercury, inasmuch as the planets lying in that direction correspond to the indefinite continuation of the series. This correspondence also harmonizes beautifully with the cosmical theory of La Place and Sir William Herschel, which has been explained in the fourth chapter of this work. Astronomers will therefore take notice, and not be found planet-hunting in the deserts of space beyond the orbit of Neptune. In the other direction, the future discovery of an intra-mercurial planet is both possible and probable. Certain it is that presumption sides with Lescarbault in his claim to such a discovery.

Who shall explain what mysterious virtue belongs to the succession of values furnished by the leaf-arrangements of the plant, that exactly the same succession of values should be inscribed upon its humble stem and entered among the ordinations of planetary systems? How many millions of chances against the supposition of a blind coincidence through a series of terms so extended! Premeditated atheism alone could fail to read the sentiment so written at once in the soft bloom of the rose and the supernal light of the stars-"These are the works of one Omnipresent Intelligence."

ANTICIPATIONS OF MAN IN NATURE.

TAKING

AKING advantage of a midsummer holiday, suppose we visit the country seat of a friend possessed of ample wealth and cultivated tastes. Arriving at the prem ises, we find the owner called unexpectedly to the city, but the porter, in obedience to the instructions of the proprietor, proffers us a greeting, and bids us in to the enjoyment of the spacious park. We find the grounds laid out and adorned under the guidance of an educated and generous taste. The graveled carriage-road winds under the leafy umbrage of the ancient oaks, or creeps along beneath the dark shadows of a frowning cliff; and ever and anon a sunny opening in the overhanging foliage lets in the golden light upon the quiet-loving Rhododendron and Azalea. Here a modest footpath saunters down a mimic vale, and leads us, worn and weary, to a rustic summer-house all overarched with honey-breathing Loniceras intertwined with the scandent Cobea and woodland-loving Bignonia. Here are seats provided for the languid visitor; and from the roots of the thirsty beech, whose overreaching branches rib the leafy arch, bursts forth a laughing fountain, while a goblet standing by seems to say, "Here the visitor will be thirsty and warm, and will eagerly refresh himself at the cooling spring." The proprietor of the grounds, though not here in his visible presence, has left here the evidences of his thoughtfulness and expectation of a wearied visitor. Then for the first time we spy what is equally welcome with the cool fountain—a basket of ripe and luscious fruit,