Unprincipled Scheme of Cortes; His Treacherous Seizure of Montezuma; Burning of the Aztec Chiefs; Outrage on the Emperor's Person; Frustrated Conspiracy of the Princes; the Caciques swear Allegiance to the Spanish Crown; Affecting Scene; Great Tribute of Treasure; Rapacity of Cortes,.. 128 CHAPTER VIII. Religious Zeal of Cortes; Discontent of the Mexicans; Dangerous Position of the Spaniards; Transactions at the Court of Spain; Velasquez dispatches an Expedition against Cortes; Cortes marches against Narvaez; Defeates and takes him Prisoner; His Politic Conduct after Victory; His Forces greatly augmented,......... CHAPTER IX 132 Massacre of the Caciques by Alvarado; the Garrison Besieged; Cortes returns to Mexico; His Anger and Insolence; General Attack by the Aztecs; Desperate Conflict for many days; Montezuma addresses the People; Disastrous Result; The Great Teocalli taken by Storm,.. 137 CHAPTER X. Cortes prepares to leave the City; Death of Montezuma; The "Noche Triste," or Miserable Night; Great Slaughter of Spaniards and Tlascalans on the Causeway of Tacuba; The Retreat to Tlascala; Battle of Otumba, and Extraordinary Victory of the Spaniards,...... CHAPTER ΧΙ. 142 Fidelity of the Tlascalan Chiefs; Resolution of Cortes; the War renewed; Great Successes of the Spaniards; Sagacious Policy of Cortes; He acquires a Great Force of Native Allies; Death of Cuitlahua, and Accession of Guatemozin to the Azteo Throne; Cortes marches to the Valley of Mexico; Takes up his Quarters at Tezcuco,..... 146 CHAPTER XII. The Campaign against Mexico renewed; Iztapalapan and other Cities taken by Storm; Great Accessions to the Power of Cortes; Brigantines transported overland from Tlascala; Many Battles with the Aztecs-their Resolution; Cortes marches around the Lakes, and storms many Cities-Arrives at Tacuba; Singular Display of Emotion,..... CHAPTER XIII. ......... Return to Tezcuco; Conspiracy against Cortes-His Extraordinary Policy and Self-command; Launching of the Fleet; Execution of Xicotencatl; Defeat of a Great Mexican Flotilla by the Fleet; Mexico Blockaded; Continual Assaults on the City; Courage and Obstinacy of the Combatants,........ 150 155 General Assault on the City; Artful Device of the Besieged; Defeat of the Spaniards-their Losses; Terrible Particulars of the Sacrifice of Prisoners; the Great Drum; Discouragement and Defection of the Allies-their Return; Gradual Destruction of the City,...... 159 CHAPTER XV Terrible Sufferings and Mortality of the Besieged; Obstinate Resistance of Guatemozin; Courage and Fidelity of his People; Mexico taken by Storm; Fearful Massacre; Capture of Guatemozin; Reflections on the Conquest,.... CHAPTER XVI 164 The Torture of Guatemozin; Settlement of the Country; Fresh Enterprises; Offices and Titles conferred on Cortes-His Ostentation-His Sagacious Policy; Great Extension of the Spanish Territory; the Revolt of Olid; Terrible March to Honduras; the Murder of Guatemozin 168 CHAPTER XVII. Arrival at Honduras; Usurpation in Mexico; Obsequies and Masses performed for Cortes-His Return; Suspicion of the Court; Cortes sails to Spain; Honors bestowed on him; Returns to Mexico; Expensive Expeditions; Cortes again returns to Spain; Unsuccessful at Court; His Death; His Character; Fate of the Conquerors,.. CHAPTER XVIII. .... Condition of the Indians and the Spanish Colonists; National Pride; System of Government; Depredations of the Buccaneers; Public Works for the Protection of the Capital; Indian Revolts; Vera Cruz seized by Agramont; Jesuits Expelled,............................ Commencement of the First Revolution; Iturrigaray; Hidalgo; First Outbreak; Insurgents Defeated by Calleja; Rayon and Morelos; Congress at Chilpanzingo; Declaration of Independence; Reverses of the Patriots; Iturbide,..... 172 176 181 ary Party; Treaty with the Viceroy, and Surrender of the Capital; Dissensions; Iutrbide made Empe- ror; His Overthrow and Death; Political Factions; Spanish Attempts at Reconquest,.. Overthrow of Guerrero by Santa Anna and Bustamente; Tyrannical Proceedings during the Administration of Santa Anna; Resistance in the Provinces of Zacatecas and Texas; the Texan War; Defeat of Santa Anna; Difficulties with France; Civil War; Santa Anna Restored to Power; Revolt, headed by Pare- Annexation of Texas to the United States; Indignation of Mexico; Slidell's Commission; Preparations against Texas; General Taylor's March to the Rio Grande; Commencement of Hostilities; War Declared; Plan of the Mexican Campaign; Battle of Palo Alto-of Resaca de la Palma; Matamoras Occupied; Santa Anna's Change of Policy; General Scott's Plan of Campaign; Defeat of the Mexican Army at Buena Vista; Mexican Politics; Capture of Vera Cruz; March into the Interior; Battle of Cerro Gordo; Occu- pation of Puebla; Guerilla Warfare; Fruitless Negotiations; Advance on the Capital,............ Movements of Santa Anna; His Plans Thwarted by Valencia; Battle of Contreras; Seizure of San An tonio; Battle of Churubusco; Negotiations; Storming of the Molino del Rey and the Casa Mata-of the Fortress of Chapultepec; Evacuation of the City; its Occupation by the American Forces; Final Summary of Naval Operations; Colonel Kearney's Proceedings in New Mexico; Events in California; Union of Colonel Fremont with Commodore Stockton; Kearney's Arrival at San Diego; Campaign of the Combined Forces; Disputes between the American Commanders; Colonel Doniphan's Services; Mex- The Capital of the Isthmus transferred to Panama; Account of Francisco Pizarro-His Confederates-His First Voyage in Quest of Peru; Grievous Loss and Suffering; His Return; the Voyage of Almagro; Extraordinary Contract of Pizarro, Almagro, and Luque,....... Second Voyage of Pizarro and Almagro-their Sufferings; Fresh Discoveries; Return of Almagro; the Island of Gallo; Resolution of Pizarro and Twelve Others--their Discovery of Peru-its Treasures; Pizarro repairs to Spain; Grant of the Crown; Return of Pizarro with his Brothers; the Third Expedi- The Aborigines of Peru; the Rule of the Incas; Reflections; Agricultural Labors; Llamas; Immense Public Works; Warlike Operations; Public Records; Religion; Traditions: Early History; Condition Pizarro lands at Tumbez-Marches Southward, and founds San Miguel; Proceeds in Quest of the Inca; Crosses the Andes; Friendly Messages; Arrival at Caxamalca; Interview with Atahuallpa; his Reserve; Execution of Challeuchima; Indian Hostilities; Entrance of the Spaniards into Cuzco; More Treasure ; Inauguration of the Inca Manco Capac; Lima founded; Disputes between Almagro and the Pizarros; Rising of the Indians; Siege of Cuzco; Massacre of the Spaniards; Civil War between the Spanish Generals; Defeat and Execution of Almagro,.... CHAPTER VIII. Mission of Hernando; His Fate; Expedition of Gonzalo Pizarro; Discovery of and Voyage down the Amazon; Terrible Sufferings; Conspiracy against Pizarro by the Partizans of Almagro; His Assassination; His Character, &c...... 238 243 CHAPTER IX Vaca de Castro; Defeat of Young Almagro at Chupas; Blasco Nunez de Vela; Unpopular Decrees; Rebellion, headed by Gonzalo Pizarro; Overthrow of the Viceroy,....... 247 CHAPTER X. Forces raised by Nunez; His Flight Northward; Decisive Battle near Quito; Death of the Viceroy, Supremacy of Pizarro; Mission of Pedro de la Gasca; His Politic Proceedings; Battle of Huarina; Pizarro at Cuzco,.... CHAPTER XI. Cautious Movements of Gasca; His March to Cusco; Bloodless Victory at Xaquixaguana; Execution of Carbajal and Pizarro; Wise Administration of Gasca; Subsequent Disorders; the Colonial System; the Mita and Repartimiento; Insurrection in 1780,..... CHAPTER XII. Commencement of the Revolution; Invasion by San Martin; Occupation of Lima; Independence Proclaimed; Reverses of the Patriots; Arrival of Bolivar in Peru,...... CHAPTER XIII. Successes of the Royalists; Movements of the Patriot Army; Decisive Victory of Ayacucho; Siege of Callao; Bolivar's Administration; Subsequent Condition of the Republic,..... Expedition of Almagro; Commission of Pedro de Taldivia; St. Jago Founded; Battle with the Mapochinians; Embassy of Miranda and Monroy; Destruction of the Quillotan Miners; Valdivia's March Southward; the Araucanians,... CHAPTER II. Battle at the Andalien; Invasion of Araucania; Foundation of the City of Valdivia; Election of Canpolican to the Office of Toqui; Indian Successes; Defeat and Death of Valdivia; Defeat of Villagran by Lautaro; Destruction of the City of Conception,.. CHAPTER III. Mortality among the Indians; Disputes respecting the Viceroyalty; Second Destruction of Conception; Lautaro's Expedition against Santiago; Don Garcia de Mendoza; Invasion of Araucania ; Caupelican's Discomfiture; Expedition to Chiloe,..... CHAPTER IV. 252 257 261 265 269 275 Caupolican the younger; Signal Successes of the Spaniards; Warlike Operations of Antiguenu-of Paillamachu; Recovery of Araucania by the Natives; Peace Concluded in 1641,...... Renewal of War; Peace of 1773; Present Condition of the Araucanians; the Revolution in Chili; the Carreras; Reestablishment of Spanish Power; Intervention of San Martin; Civil Wars; Attempt of Ramon Frerye; Rebellion under Vidaurre; Establishment of the Republic,...... Juan Ponce de Leon-His Voyage in Search of the Fountain of Youth; Discovery of Florida; His Seo ond Expedition; His Death; Disastrous Attempts of Allyon and Narvaez; Hernando de Soto-Ap pointed Governor of Cuba; His Expedition to Florida; March to the Interior; Contests with the In dians,.... 295 Delusive Report of an Indian; Disastrous March through the Interior; King Tuscaloosa-His State and Haughtiness; His Secret Treachery; Great Battle at Mauvila; Conflagration of the Town, and Victory of the Spaniards; Mutinous Spirit of the Cavaliers; Despondency of De Soto; He resumes the March,...... CHAPTER III. De Soto Marches Westward; Losses from Indian Hostility; Reaches and Crosses the Mississippi, Marches to Arkansas; Returns to the Mississippi; His Death and Burial; Fate of the Survivors; their Voyage to Mexico,........ CHAPTER IV Early French Settlements; Bloody Contests between the Spanish and French Colonists; Spanish Missions; English Depredations and Colonization on the Coast; Invasions of Florida by Governor Moore,.... CHAPTER V. The Yamasees; Invasion of Florida by Oglethorpe; Cession to Great Britain; Dr. Turnbull's Colony; Recession to Spain; Invasion of East Florida from the United States; Acquisition of Florida by the United States,.... SOUTH AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS. COLOMBIA. CHAPTER I. Loyalty of the Spanish Colonists; Arrogance and Tyranny of their Rulers; Causes of the Revolution; The Establishment of Juntas; Massacre at Quito; the Junta of Caraccas in Venezuela; Commencement of Hostilities; Declaration of Independence,..... CHAPTER II. ....... The Affairs of New Granada; Expulsion of the Spaniards from Santa Fe and Quito; Dissensions of the Republicans; Advantages of the Royalists-their Cruelty; the "Army of Death;" Fresh Massacre at Quito; Alternate successes of the Patriots and Royalists; the Earthquake at Caraccas; its Effect; Overthrow of the Liberals,..... CHAPTER III. Simon Bolivar--His Generous and Patriotic Spirit; His Successes against the Royalists; Assisted by New Granada; He Re-enters Caraccas; "War to the Death;" the Servile Insurrection and War; Cruel Deed of Bolivar; Battles with the Royalists; Renewed Prostration of the Republican Cause,...... CHAPTER IV. Restoration of Ferdinand; Extinction of Loyalty in the Colonies; Tyrannical Policy of the King; Spirited Conduct of the Congress of New Granada; Dissensions of the Republicans; Injudicious Conduct of Bolivar,. CHAPTER V 290 302 306 311 316 319 322 325 Arrival of the Spanish Army, under Morillo; Terrible Blockade of Carthagena; Renewed Exertions of the Patriots; Alternate Successes; Morillo conquers New Granada; Severities exercised on the Vanquished; Marches into Venezuela; Successful Defense of Margarita by the Patriots,..................328 CHAPTER VI. Attitude of Foreign Nations; British Volunteers; Campaign of Bolivar in New Granada; Brilliant Successes; Defeat and Flight of the Royalists; Gratitude of the People; Union of the States of New Granada and Venezuela under the title of Colombia; Reverses and Successes of the Patriots CHAPTER VII. .......... 332 Revolution in Spain; Overtures of the Spanish Leaders; Resolution of the Patriots; the Armistice; the War renewed; Humane Policy of Bolivar; Signal Victories of the Republicans; The Spaniards Completely Expelled from Columbia; Independence of that State acknowledged,.. BOLIVIA. The Revolution in La Paz; a Junta established; the City taken by the Royalists-their Cruelties; the Patriot Army marches from Buenos Ayres-its Success and Subsequent Defeat; Second Attempt at Revolution; Massacres in Cochabamba and Potosi; Second Expedition from Buenos Ayres-its Discomfiture Guerilla Warfare; Bolivia Emancipated by the Victory of Ayacucho,..... 335 339 UNITED PROVINCES OF LA PLATA.. CHAPTER I. PAGE. ('auses of the Revolution in Buenos Ayres; the Viceroys Liniers and Cisneros; their Fate; Wars with the Royalists in Upper Peru-in Monte Video; Dissensions among the Patriots; Rapid Changes of Government; Alternate Successes of the Patriots and Royalists; San Martin; Fall of Monte Video; Election of Pueyredon as Supreme Director,. CHAPTER II. Feuds of the Patriots; Obstinacy of Artigas; the Portuguese take Monte Video, and Defeat the Republicans; San Martin; his Passage of the Andes and Victorious Campaign in Chili; Upper Peru; Continued Resistance of the Banda Oriental,..... CHAPTER III. 343 347 Affairs in Chili; Disasters of the Patriots; Victory of San Martin at the Plains of Maypu; Independence of Chili secured; Constitution of the United Provinces; Resignation of Pueyredon; Continued Civil Dissensions; Final Restoration of Harmony; the Republic Acknowledged by the United States,....... 350 PART III. THE PORTUGUESE IN AMERICA. BRAZIL. CHAPTER I. Discovery of Brazil by Cabral-of Rio de Janeiro by Sousa; French Colony; Aggressions of the Dutch; their Conquests; Count Maurice of Nassau; his Successes; his Recall; Impolicy of the Dutch; their Expulsion from Brazil,.......... CHAPTER II. Brazil a Penal Colony; the Result; Oppression of the Natives; The Feudal System; Governor-general; Appointed; Story of Caramuru; Bahia; the Jesuits; War with the Cahetes; Mem de Sa; his Crusade against Cannibalism; War with the Aymores; their Characteristics,........ CHAPTER III. ....... Brazil under Spanish Influence; English Piratical Expeditions; Odium incurred by the Jesuits in Protecting the Indians; Revolts; War with the Negro Nation, the Palmarese—their Subdual; Gold and Diamonds; French Hostilities; Defeat of Du Clerc; Rio Janeiro taken by Duguay de Trouin; the Cruel and Impolitic Expulsion of the Jesuits from Brazil,... Flight of the Royal Family from Portugal to Brazil; the "Casta Regia ;" Brazil opened to Foreign Trade and Civilization; Brazil erected into a Kingdom; Dom John VI.; Corruption and Discontent; Insurrections; Return of the King to Portugal; Tyranny of the Portuguese Cortes; Irritation of the Brazilians; Resistance of Dom Pedro and his Capital,............. CHAPTER V. Impotent Demonstration of the Portuguese Government; Dom Pedro proclaimed Protector; Independence of Brazil declared; Pedro proclaimed Emperor; Retreat of the Portuguese Troops; Difficulties with the Democracy; Insurrection under Carvalho suppressed; Popular Revolution at Rio; Abdication of Dom Pedro, and his Retreat to Portugal, . CHAPTER VI. The Child Dom Pedro II.; the Triple Regency; the Regency of Feijo-of Lima; Fresh Revolution; the Majority of the Emperor proclaimed; Popular Troubles renewed-Disastrous Result; the Royal Marriages; Capabilities and Necessities of Brazil,....... 353 356 359 363 366 270 |