of savages, which led across the Hudson at the main bend above Glens Falls, and passed across the old Indian hunting ground Kay-ad-ros-se-ra, through what are now the towns of Wilton, Greenfield and Galway, in Saratoga county, to the lower castles on the Mohawk river, near the mouth of the Schoharie creek. It was more than forty miles of forests, filled with swamps, rivers, and mountains, that lay before them. Their path was a narrow, rugged trail, filled with rocks and gullies, pitfalls and streams. Their forces consisted of six hundred regulars of the regiment CarignanSalières, six hundred Canadian militia, and a hundred Christian Indians, from the missions. "It seems to them," writes Mother Marie de l'Incarnation, in her letter of the sixteenth of October, 1666, "that they are going to lay seige to Paradise, and win it, and enter in, because they are fighting for religion and the faith."

On they went through the tangled woods, officers as well as men carrying heavy loads upon their backs, and dragging their cannon "over slippery logs, tangled roots and oozy mosses." Before long, in the vicinity of what is now known as Lake Desolation, their provisions gave out, and they were almost starved. But soon the trail led through a thick wood of chestnut trees, full of nuts, which they eagerly devoured, and thus stayed their hunger.

At length, after many weary days, they reached the lower Mohawk cantons. The names of the two lower Mohawk castles were then Te-hon-de-lo-ga, which was at Fort Hunter, at the mouth of the Schoharie creek, and Ga-no-wa-ga, now Cach-na-wa-ga, which was near Tribes Hill. The upper castles, which were further up the Mohawk, were the Ca

na-jo-ha-ie, near Fort Plain, and Ga-ne-ga-ha-ga, opposite the mouth of East Canada Creek.

They marched through the fertile valley of the Mohawk, the Indians fleeing into the forest at their approach. Thus the brilliant pageant of the summer that had glittered across the somber rock of Quebec, was twice repeated by this warlike band of noblemen and soldiers, amid the crimson glories of the autumn woods in the wild valley of the Mohawk. They did not need the cannon which they had brought with so much toil across the country from Lake St. St. Sacrament. The savages were frightened almost out of their wits by the noise of their twenty drums. "Let us save ourselves, brothers," said one of the Mohawk chiefs, as he ran away, "the whole world is coming against us."

After destroying all the cornfields in the valley, and the last palisaded Mohawk village, they planted a cross on its ashes, and by the side of the cross the royal arms of France. Then an officer, by order of Tracy, advanced to the front, and, with sword in hand, proclaimed, in a loud voice, that he took possession in the name of the king of France of all the country of the Mohawks.

Having thus happily accomplished their object without the loss of a man, they returned to Canada over the route by which they came.

The death of young Chazy was avenged. The insolent Iroquois were for the first time chastised and humbled in their own country. For twenty years afterward there was peace in the old wilderness-peace bought by the blood of young Chazy. Surely was the river, on whose banks his bones still rest, christened with his name amid a baptism of fire at an altar upon which the villages, the wig-wams

and the cornfields of his murderers were the sacrificial

offerings.

And so ended the second French and Indian war, known in colonial annals as the war of 1666.

A singular characteristic seems to mark all the rivers that flow in and around Northern New York. All of them with one exception-the Mohawk-flow from and through great chains or systems of lakes. The great river St. Lawrence, flowing from its own vast continental system of lakes, seems to be the prototype and pattern of all the others.

The Oswego river runs from and drains the Oneida, the Cayuga, and the others of the system of lakes so famous in Western New York. The River Richelieu drains Lakes George and Champlain. The Hudson and its sister streams that take their rise among its mountain masses, serve to drain the waters of the numberless lakes that lie within the shades of the Great Wilderness.

II.

THE HUDSON.

"The broadest, brightest river of the world."

-Frances Anne Kemble.

The Hudson is fed by a system of forest branches that spread over the whole of the Mountain Belt of the WilderIts main forest branches are the Opalescent, the

ness.

Boreas, the Scarron (Schroon), the Jessups, the Indian, the Cedar, and the Sacondaga. The Mohawks called the Hudson Ska-nen-ta-de, "the river beyond the open woods." Between the Mohawk river at Schenectady and the Hudson at Albany was the great Indian carrying place which led through the open pine woods. The Hudson was therefore "the river beyond the openings," to the Iroquois. Its Algonquin name, however, was Ca-ho-ta-te-a, "the river that comes from the mountains." Henry Hudson, its discoverer, translating its Algonquin name, also called it the "River of the Mountains." The early Dutch settlers on its banks called it "The Nassau," after the reigning family of Holland, and sometimes "The Mauritius," from the Stadtholder Prince Maurice. It was first called the Hudson, in honor of its immortal explorer, by his English countrymen after they had conquered the country and wrested it from the Dutch, in 1664. But of all its names, none is more significant than its old Algonquin one, “The River of the Mountains."

The Hudson is born among the clouds on the shaggy side of Mount McIntyre, and in the mountain meadows and lakelets near the top of Tahawas, almost five thousand feet above the level of the sea. It is cradled in the awful chasms of the Indian Pass, the Panther Gorge, and the Gorge of the Dial. After thus rising upon its highest mountain peaks, it crosses in its wild course down the southern slope of the Wilderness no less than four immense mountain chains that all seem to give way at its approach, as if it were some wayward, favorite child of their own. After bursting through the Luzerne or Palmertown range, its last forest mountain barrier, it encounters in its course