1516. VASCO NUÑEZ DE BALBOA transports materials for two brigantines across the isthmus; cruises about Isla Rica; on his return is put into irons by Pedro Arias de Avila; tried on false charges and beheaded in 1517.

1517. FRANCISCO HERNANDO DE CORDOBA (with Bernal Diaz del Castillo, afterwards regidor of Guatemala, and the historian of the Conquest of New Spain) sails from San Cristobal, Cuba, February, to N.E. Yucatan (El Gran Cairo), Campeachy, Champoton and Cotoche.

1518. BARON DE LERY (French), makes an abortive attempt to found a Settlement on Sable Island, Nova Scotia.

1518. JUAN DE GRIJALVA, with Pedro de Alvarado and Bernal Diaz del Castillo, from Santiago, Cuba, 1st May; coast from Yucatan to the River Panuco. Gold obtained from the natives, value about £40,000, and brought to Diego Velasques, then Governor of Cuba. This leads to the fitting out of the two expeditions under Cortes and Pineda, hereafter mentioned.

1518. SEBASTIAN DE OCAMPO sails round Cuba, and first establishes the fact that it is an island.

1518. DIEGO COLUMBUS, son of Christopher Columbus, appointed Spanish Viceroy (in place of Ovando, who is recalled), and the rights originally granted to the father restored to the son.

1519. HERNANDO CORTES, commissioned by Velasquez, with eleven ships and between 600 and 700 men. Muster at Island of Cozumel, E. of Yucatan; camp at St. Juan de Ulloa, where Cortes receives Montezuma's messengers; Cortes sails north, and begins Villa Rica de Vera Cruz, dispatches thence news to Charles V., burnt his remaining ships and marches for the city of Mexico (about 175 miles); relations with Montezuma still outwardly friendly. Montezuma forbids Cortes to enter city of Mexico. Cortes insists, and is received with great pomp, kindness, and rich gifts, 19th November, 1519. Pamphilo de Narvaez is dispatched by Velasquez to bring back Cortes by force. Cortes meets and defeats him at Zempoala 1520, and returns to Mexico. Cortes falls out with the Mexicans, and on the 13th August, 1521, takes the city of Mexico after a siege of ninety-three days. Destroys the city and massacres the inhabitants. The historian of this expedition is Bernal Diaz del Castillo, who accompanied it.

1519. ALONSO ALVAREZ DE PINEDA (dispatched by Francisco de Garay, Governor of Jamaica and Governor elect of the provinces bordering on Rivers San Pedro and San Pablo and of all the countries he should discover) with three vessels and 240 men lands in Appalachicola Bay, Florida, but the natives repulse him. Coasts westward to the Panuco; Pineda, and his soldiers and horses massacred by the natives, and his vessels burnt, except one under Comargo, which reaches Villa Segura.

1519. FERNAM DE MAGALHAENS (Magellan), a Portuguese, on behalf of Charles V., from Seville 10th August (Antonio Pigafetta, who accompanied, is the historian of the voyage), by Sierra Leone, to Terra de Verzino (Land of Redwood). Enters Rio de Janeiro 13th December, coasts to the La Plata and reaches Port St. Julian, 49° 30' S. Lat. May 1520; Strait of Eleven Thousand Virgins, 52° S. Lat. 21st October; passes through the Straits of Magellan and emerges into the Mar del Sur, to which he gives the name of "the Pacific," 28th of November, 1520, passes the Ladrone Isles and Philippine Isles, where Magellan is killed by the natives in the Island of Zubu, 27th April, 1521. Ships sight the Moluccas or Spice Islands 6th, and reach Tadore 8th November, 1521. Thence, Juan Sebastian del Cano, in command of the Victoria (the only remaining ship of five which sailed) sails 21st December, 1521, and reaches Seville 8th September, 1522. This is the first recorded circumnavigation of the globe. Estevan Gomez, a pilot, deserted with one ship from the straits of Magellan and reached Spain 6th May, 1521.

1520. LUCAS VASQUEZ DE AYLLON, from La Plata, Hayti, to kidnap slaves. Through the Bahamas, along the coasts of Florida and Georgia to Cape S. Helena and the R. Jordan (probably the Santee R., South Carolina.)

1521. JUAN PONCE DE LEON, appointed governor of Bimini and Florida, sails to take possession, repulsed by the natives, wounded-dies in Cuba soon after.

1523. GIOVANNI VERRAZANO, a Florentine (2nd voyage), on behalf of Francis I. of France. Sails from Dieppe late in the year. Madeira 17th January, 1524; coast of North Carolina about Cape Fear, 10th March, O.S.; coasts northward, passing Chesapeake Bay in the night, crosses Peninsula of Virginia and thinks Chesapeake Bay a strait leading to China; enters Bay of New York, anchors in Narragansett Bay and coasts north to Nova Scotia, returns to France July, 1524.

1523. FRANCISCO GARAY, appointed governor of the province of Panuco, sails from Jamaica, in June, to take possession of his territory, fails, and dies in the city of Mexico, December, 1523.

1525. ESTEVAN GOMEZ (who deserted Magalhaens), in search of a northern route to India, explores coasts to New York and New England.

1526. LUCAS VASQUEZ DE AYLLON, appointed, in 1523, governor of many islands and provinces between 35° and 37° N. Lat., sails July, 1526, from Hispaniola, with six ships and 500 men, to take possession, lands in Florida, is attacked by the natives, and defeated. Lucas, with 150 survivors, returns to San Domingo, and dies there, 18th October, 1526.

1526. SEBASTIAN CABOT, then in the employ of Charles V., sails to the Rio de la Plata.

1526. FRANCISCO DE HOCES, in command of a ship under Garcia de Loaysa, gets separated from the squadron, and discovers Cape Horn.

1526. FRANCISCO PIZARRO, at Quito; returns to Spain.

1528. PAMPHILO DE NARVAEZ, appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Florida by Charles V., lands in Tampa Bay, marches into the country, is repulsed by the natives, embarks in crazy boats in the Gulf of Florida, and is lost. Alva Cabeça de Vaca, his only surviving officer, with three companions, after eight years' captivity, wanders across the Mississippi and Rio Grande del Norte, and arrives at Compostella, on the Gulf of California; returns to Spain, 1537.

1530. NUÑEZ DE GUZMAN founds Compostella and Guadalaxara, and New Galicia. 1531. FRANCISCO PIZARRO, with DIEGO DE ALMAGRO and HERNANDO LUQUE, leads an expedition to Peru. Civil war in progress between rival kings Huascar and Atahualpa. Pizarro pretends an alliance with the latter, and so gets into the country, takes Atahualpa prisoner by treachery, exacts an enormous ransom, has him tried for pretended conspiracy, condemns him to be burnt, kindly permitting him to be first strangled, in consideration of his becoming a Christian. Pizarro founds Lima 1535, reigns despotically for six years, puts Almagro to death, 1538, and is assassinated 26th June, 1541.

1534. HERNANDO CORTES sends several exploring expeditions, one of which, probably that under Grijalva, discovers the Peninsula of California; returns to Spain 1540, and dies there 2nd December, 1547, neglected and forgotten.

1534. JACQUES CARTIER, for Francis I. of France, St. Malo; 20th March, 1534; Newfoundland 10th May; explores coast of Labrador, Straits of Belle Isle, and part of Gulf of St. Lawrence; returns to St. Malo 5th September.

1535. JACQUES CARTIER explores the St. Lawrence as far as the Island of Hochelaga, names the mountain there Montreal; returns to St. Malo 6th July.

1535. GARCIA HURTADO DE MENDOZA founds Buenos Ayres.

1535. JUAN DE GRIJALVA (equipped by Cortes) in California.

1535. THE YOUNGER ALMAGRO, from Peru, invades Chili, but is recalled by a revolt of the Inca, Manco Capac.

1540. PEDRO DE VALDIVIA invades Chili and founds St. Iago.

1540. FRANCISCO DE ULLOA explores the coast of Chili and reaches California.

1540. FRANCESCO VASQUEZ CORONADO, Governor of New Galicia, in search of the seven cities of Cibola, reaches Taos (New Mexico) Red Fork of the Arkansas River, crosses Little Colorado and finds Big Colorado River; goes round head of Gulf of California, and down the Peninsula to the south of 30° N. Lat.

1540. GONZALO PIZARRO crosses the Andes from Peru and reaches the Coca or Napo, one of the head waters of the Amazon.

1541. FRANCISCO ORELLANA, an officer in command of Pizarro's only boat, and fifty men, deserts (February 14th), descends the Amazon, reaches its mouth August 26th, and arrives safely at Cubagua.

1541. FERDINAND DE SOTO lands in Tampa Bay, penetrates Florida, Georgia, to the Savannah River, and the modern States of Alabama, Mississippi, Missouri, and Arkansas; meets great opposition from the natives; dies and is buried in the river. Moscoso leads the wreck of the expedition down the river to its mouth and thence to Panuco.

1541. JACQUES CARTIER (3rd voyage), as Captain-General under Roberval, sails 23rd May, 1541, from S. Malo up the St. Lawrence to River of Cape Rouge; builds a fort there-Charlesbourg Royal; abandons enterprize and sails for France, May, 1542. At the harbour of St. John (8th June) meets Roberval; Cartier leaves him in the night and returns to France.

1542. JEAN FRANÇOIS DE LA ROQUE, Sieur de ROBERVAL, appointed Lord of Norumbega, Viceroy and Lieutenant-General in Canada, Hochelaga, Saguenay, Newfoundland, Belle Isle, Carpunt, Labrador, the Great Bay and Baccalaos; sails from La Rochelle 16th April, 1542, to meet Cartier, his Captain-General. Deserted by the latter at St. John; Roberval proceeds to Cape Rouge and begins a colony, which he calls France Roy. The colony goes to pieces under Roberval's mismanagement, and the King of France sends Cartier to fetch the Governor home in 1543. 1542. RODRIQUEZ CABRILLO (Portuguese) reaches California north of the modern Monterey, 36° 36 ́ ́ N. Lat.; dies; his pilot, Bartolomæos Ferreto, takes the expedition on to 43° N. Lat. above Cape Orford.

NOTE. The claims of Spain to America were founded on the double title of the discoveries of Columbus, and the gift by the Papal Bull of Alexander VI. in 1494; those of England on the discoveries by the Cabots; those of France on the early frequentation of the Newfoundland codbanks by Breton and Basque fishermen, and the voyages of Verrazano and Cartier. Most of the early voyages to America were made in search of China. India, or the Spice Islands, and for many years after its discovery America was supposed to be part of Asia. In 1542, Francis I. of France, writes of the Lands of Canada and Hochelaga, which form the extremity of Asia towards the West."

(C.) FURTHER DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS IN AMERICA AND SETTLEMENTS ON THE NORTHERN CONTINENT. (1550 to 1748.)

1550. Guido de la Bazares (Span.) makes an abortive attempt to form a settlement in Florida.

1551. Angel de la Villafañe (Span.) the like.

1562. Jean Ribaut (a French Huguenot, supported by Admiral Coligny) builds Charlesfort on the River Chanonceau, probably the Modern Archers' Creek, Florida, but is obliged to abandon the attempt to form a colony.

1564. René de la Laudonniere (French Huguenot) builds Fort Caroline on S. John's River (R. of May), Florida. Is on the point of abandoning it with the help of Sir John Hawkins; when

1565. Jean Ribaut arrives with supplies and reinforcements.

1565. Pedro Menendez (Span.) founds St. Augustine, the oldest town in the United States, a few miles south of Fort Caroline; massacres the French Huguenots, and takes Fort Caroline, which he calls Fort Mateo.

1567.

Dominic de Gourgues (French), a private adventurer, avenges the massacre, takes
Fort Mateo, and retires.

NOTE. The incidents of the formation of this Huguenot colony, and the coldblooded atrocity which put an end to it, directed the attention of the English, and notably, that of Sir Walter Raleigh, to America as a field of colonisation.

1567. Sir John Hawkins, previously engaged for some years in the African-American Slave Trade, in this year was badly beaten by the Spaniards, near San Juan de Ulloa. Sir Francis Drake was with him.

NOTE. The many voyages of Hawkins, Drake, Grenville, Oxenham, and Cavendish, were principally directed against the Spaniards, and not towards colonization or exploration; but all mention of them cannot be omitted.

1576. Martin Frobisher, with two ships each of 25 tons, in search of North West passage, explores coast of Greenland; discovers the strait leading to Hudson's Bay, and North as far as 63° 45" N. Lat.

1577. Frobisher sails thither again in search of gold; and in the following year, 1578, makes an abortive attempt to found a settlement.

1577. Sir Francis Drake passes through Straits of Magellan; plunders the Spanish towns in Chili and Peru; sails north to 48° N. Lat. in search of a passage to the Atlantic; returns to San Francisco; thence to the Moluccas, round the Cape of Good Hope, reaching England in 1579. This is the second recorded circumnavigation of the world.

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