1450.

1451.

1452.

1453.

1454.

1455.

1456.

1458.1459.

1460.

1461.

July. Cade enters London and beheads Lord Say.

Fight on London Bridge. The insurgents are driven out, terms are accepted by them, but Cade, continuing the insurrection, is killed.

The Duke of York returns from Ireland to England.

The Duke of Somerset returns from Normandy to England.

A proposal is made in the House of Commons to declare York heir to the throne.

Loss of Bordeaux and Bayonne.

York collects an army, and demands the dismissal of Somer-
set. Somerset and the king force York to swear alle-
giance.
Defeat and death of Talbot at Châtillon. Final loss of
France except Calais. [See Summary: The Hundred
Years' War between England and France, p. 262.]

The Duke of York arrests Thorpe, the Speaker of the Commons. In
the next parliament they assert their privilege in his behalf, but
he remains in prison.

Henry falls ill, and becomes unable to govern.

Oct. Birth of Prince Edward.

Dec. Somerset is imprisoned.

Richard, Duke of York, is appointed by the Lords to a limited protectorate of the realm without prejudice to the rights of the Prince of Wales. He makes his brother-inlaw, Salisbury, chancellor.

Henry recovers. York is dismissed. Somerset is released, and with his friends returns to power.

The Duke of York, Salisbury, and his son Warwick take up arms to protect the king, really against Somerset.

First battle of St. Albans. Death of Somerset. Capture
of Henry.

The king recovers from another short illness. The queen and the
Lancastrians intrigue with Scotland and France.

Reconciliation between the two parties at St. Paul's.
The queen's attempt to arrest the Earl of Salisbury brings on the
battle of Bloreheath. Yorkists victorious.

Panic at Ludlow. Flight of the Yorkists. In the Parliament at
Coventry York and his friends are attainted.

July. The three Yorkist earls, March, Salisbury, and Warwick,
cross from Calais and win the battle of Northampton. The
king is taken. The queen flies.

York claims the throne and is made heir to Henry by Parliament.

The queen raises forces.

Dec. Battle of Wakefield. Lancastrians victorious and York
killed. Salisbury is taken and is executed at Pomfret.
Feb. 3. Edward, Earl of March, fights against Pembroke at
Mortimer's Cross. Yorkists victorious.

Feb. 17. The queen fights against Warwick at the second battle of
St. Albans, and sets the king free, who retires to the north.
Lancastrians victorious.

Edward comes to London and is declared king.

1461.

1464.

1465.

1468.

1469

1470.

1471.

1474.

1475.

[At the end of Henry VI.'s reign Bills in the form of Statutes are introduced instead of petitions to get over the evils of manipulation or saving clauses.]

EDWARD IV., 1461-1483 (22 YEARS).

Born 1441; Married, 1464, Elizabeth Woodville.

Edward advances to the north. Battles of Ferrybridge and
Towton. Yorkists victorious, with very great slaughter.
Margaret escapes with Henry and her son to Scotland.

June. Edward is crowned at Westminster. A bill of attainder in
the form of an Act of Parliament is passed against Henry and
Margaret.

Battle of Hedgeley Moor. Margaret defeated.

Battle of Hexham. Margaret again defeated.

Sept. Edward's marriage with Elizabeth Woodville (a),
widow of Grey, Lord Ferrers of Groby, is announced.

He begins to promote his wife's relations to the disgust of Warwick.
Henry, the late king, is captured and imprisoned in the
Tower.

Marriage of the king's sister Margaret with Charles, Duke of
Burgundy.

[There is no Parliament for nearly four years.] The first recorded
instances are found of the use of torture in England.
Clarence, who has drawn off from his brother the king to Warwick,
marries Warwick's daughter, Isabella Neville.

Insurrection of Northerners under Robin of Redesdale.
Battle of Edgecote. Rebels victorious. Warwick and Clarence
take advantage of this to imprison the king.

The king is released and a reconciliation effected.
March. New rebellion in Lincolnshire defeated by Edward at the
battle of Losecoat Field. Warwick and Clarence, finding that
Edward has proofs of their treachery, fly to France, and are
reconciled to Margaret, the late queen, by Louis XI.
Sept. Warwick lands at Dartmouth. Edward flies to
Flanders with his brother Gloucester, his queen taking refuge
at Westminster, and Henry VI. is restored.

Edward, by the assistance of the Duke of Burgundy, his brother-
in-law, lands at Ravenspur, is joined by Clarence, and
advances to and enters London.

April 14. Battle of Barnet. Yorkists victorious and Warwick killed.

April 14. Margaret lands at Weymouth.

May 4. Battle of Tewkesbury. Margaret is defeated and her son killed.

May 21. Death of Henry VI. in the Tower.

Edward makes a league with Burgundy against Louis XI.

[For eight years no Parliament sits except for forty-two days in 1478, the king having obtained an income for life from his earlier Parliaments, which he supplements by benevolences.]

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