...of the Tribunal, whether or not in violation of the domestic law of the country where perpetrated. Leaders, organizers, instigators and accomplices participating...formulation or execution of a common plan or conspiracy to 1 [The contracting governments signed a protocol at Berlin on Oct. 6, 1945 (post, p. 45) which provides...

...minds of people." (Miller on Criminal Law, 1932. p. 110.) The Charter, in Article 6, provides that "Leaders, organizers, instigators and accomplices...performed by any persons in execution of such plan." The individual defendants are arraigned at your bar on this charge which, if proved, makes them responsible...

...assurances; with war crimes; and with crimes against humanity. The defendants are also charged with participating in the formulation or execution of a common plan or conspiracy to commit all these crimes. The Tribunal was further asked by the prosecution to declare all the named groups...

...population, . . . whether or not in violation of domestic law of the country where perpetrated. Leaden, organizers, instigators, and accomplices participating...performed by any persons in execution of such plan. The Charter of the Tribunal at the Nuremberg trials, go on to provide In Article 7 that an official...

...International Tribunal, whether or not in violation of the domestic law of the country where perpetrated. Leaders, organizers, instigators and accomplices participating...responsible for all acts performed by any persons in furtherance of such plan. International law shall include treaties, agreements, and assurances between...

...contending that the Pact of Paris,8 46 Stat. 2343, to which Japan was a signatory, did not affect the preand accomplices participating in the formulation or execution...crimes are responsible for all acts performed by any person in execution of such plan." Petitioners DOhihara, Hirota, Kido, Oka, Sato, Shimada and Togo...

...explicitly stated that individuals responsible for formulating or executing any of these crimes were "responsible for all acts performed by any persons in execution of such plan" (B. Smith 1982:215). From 14 November 1945 until 1 October of the following year the International...

...Charge Three, crimes against humanity. However, at the end of Article 6, the following phrase appears: Leaders, organizers, instigators and accomplices participating...performed by any persons in execution of such plan. This phrase implied to some that the major war criminals were personally responsible for a common plan...

...humanity", and "war crimes" (ie, international crimes), Article 6 of the Nuremberg Charter provides that, "leaders, organizers, instigators and accomplices...performed by any persons in execution of such plan." Likewise, Article 7 of the Nuremberg Charter provides that "the official position of defendants, whether...

...term. 11 Charter, supra note 2, art. 6. A concluding paragraph to the Article provided that "Pleaders, organizers, instigators and accomplices participating...performed by any persons in execution of such plan". Thus the term "conspiracy" appears twice in Article 6. In its first incarnation in para, (a) it seems...