which keeps you buried in a fcandalous inaction. Open your eyes, and confider the management of thofe ambitious men, who, to make themselves powerful in their party, ftudy nothing but how they may foment divifions in the commonwealth.-If you can but fummon up your former courage, if you will now march out of Rome with your confuls, there is no punishment you can inflict which I will not fubmit to, if I do not in a few days drive thofe pillagers out of our territory. This terror of war, with which you feem fo grievoufly ftruck, fhall quickly be removed from Rome to their own cities. Hocke. $30. MICIPSA to JUGURTHA. You know, Jugurtha, that I received you under my protection in your early youth, when left a helplefs and hopelefs orphan. I advanced you to high honours in my kingdom, in the full afurance that you would prove grateful for my kindness to you; and that, if I came to have children of my own, you would ftudy to repay to them what you owed to me. Hitherto I have had no reafon to repent of my favours to you. For, to omit all former inftances of your extraordinary merit, your late behaviour in the Numantian war has reflected upon me, and my kingdom, a new and diftinguished glory. You have, by your valour, rendered the Roman commonwealth, which before was well affected to our intereft, much more friendly. In Spain, you have raised the honour of my name and crown. And you have furmounted what is july reckoned one of the greatest difficulties; having, by your me rit, filenced envy. My diffolution feems now to be fast approaching. I therefore befeech and conjure you, my dear Jugurtha! by this right hand; by the remembrance of my paft kindness to you; by the honour of my kingdom; and by the majefty of the gods; be kind to my two fons, whom my favour to you has made your brothers; and do not think of forming a connection with any ftranger, to the prejudice of your relations. It is not by arms, nor by treasures, that a kingdom is fecured, but by well affected fubjects and allies. And it is by faithful and important fervices, that friendship (which neither gold will purchase, nor arms extort) is fecured. But what friendship is more perfect, than that which ought to obtain between brothers? What fidelity can be expected among ftrangers, if it is wanting among relations? The kingdom I leave you is ia good condition, if you govern it properly; if otherwife, it is weak. For by agreement a small state increases; by division a great one falls into ruin. It will lie upon you, Jugurtha, who are come to riper years than your brothers, to provide that no mifconduct produce any bad effect. And, if any difference fhould arife between you and your brothers (which may the gods avert!) the public will charge you, however innocent you may be, as the aggreffor, becaufe your years and abilities give you the fuperiority. But I firmly perfuade myfelf, that you will treat them with kindness, and that they will honour and esteem you, as your diftinguished virtue deferves. Salluft. Were you, foldiers, the fame army which I had with me in Gaul, I might well forbear faying any thing to you at this time: for, what occafion could there be to ufc exhortation to a cavalry that had fo fignally vanquished the fquadrons of the enemy upon the Rhone; or to legions, by whom that fame enemy, flying before them to avoid a battle, did in effect confefs themfelves conquered? But, as thefe troops, having been inrolled for Spain, are there with my brother Cneius, making war under my aufpices (as was the will of the fenate and people of Rome) I, that you might have a conful for your cap tain, against Hannibal and the Carthaginians, have freely offered myfelf for this war. You, then, have a new general; and I a new army. On this account, a few words from me to you will be neither improper nor unfeasonable. That you may not be unapprifed of what fort of enemies you are going to encounter, or of what is to be feared from them, they are the very fame whom, in a former war, you vanquished both by land and fea; the fame, from whom you took Sicily and Sardinia: and who have been these twenty years your tributaries. You will not, I prefume, march against these men, with only that courage with which you are wont to face other enemies; but with a certain anger and indignation, fuch as you would feel if you faw your flaves on a sudden rise up in arms against you. Conquered and enflaved, it is not boldnefs, but neceffity, that urges them to battle, unless you can believe believe that thofe who avoided fighting when their army was entire, have acquired better hope by the lofs of two-thirds of their horfe and foot in the paffage of the Alps. But you have heard, perhaps, that, though they are few in number, they are men of ftout hearts and robuft bodies; heroes, of fuch ftrength and vigour, as nothing is able to refill.-Mere effigies! nay, fhadows of men! wretches, ematiated with hunger and benumbed with cold! bruifed and battered to pieces among the rocks and craggy cliffs! their weapons broken, and their horfes weak and foundered! Such are the cavalry, and fuch the infantry, with which you are going to contend; not enemies, but the fragments of enemies. There is nothing which I more apprehend, than that it will be thought Hannibal was vanquished by the Alps, before we had any conflict with him." But, perhaps, it was fitting it fhould be fo; and that, with a people and a leader who had violated leagues and covenants, the gods themfelves, without man's help, fhould begin the war, and bring it to a near conclufion and that we, who, next to the gods, have been injured and offended, hould happily finish what they have begun. I need not be in any fear that you fhould fufpect me of faying thefe things merely to encourage you, while inwardly I have different fentiments. What hindered me from goiug into Spain? That was my province, where I fhould have had the lefsdreaded Afdrubal, not Hannibal, to deal with. But hearing, as I paffed along the coaft of Gaul, of this enemy's march, I landed my troops, fent the horfe forward, and pitched my camp upon the Rhone. A part of my cavalry encountered, and defeated that of the enemy. My infantry not being able to overtake theirs, which fled before us, I returned to my fleet: and, with all the expedition I could ufe in fo long a voyage by fea and land, am come to meet them at the foot of the Alps. Was it, then, my inclination to avoid a conteft with this tremendous Hannibal? and have I met with him only by accident and unawares? or am I come on purpofe to challenge him to the combat? I would gladly try whether the earth, within thefe twenty years, has brought forth a new kind of Carthaginians; or whether they be the fame fort of men, who fought at the Agates, and whom, at Eryx, you suffered to redeem themfelves at eighteen denarii per head: whether this Hannibal, for labours and journies, be, as he would be thought, the rival of Hercules; or whether he be, what his father, left him, a tributary, a vaffal, a flave of the Roman people. Did not the conscioufnefs of his wicked deed at Saguntum torment him and make him defperate, he would have fome regard, if not to his conquered country, yet furely to his own family, to his father's memory, to the treay written with Hamilcar's own hand. We might have ftarved him in Eryx; we might have paffed into Africa with our victorious fleet; and, in a few days, have deftroyed Carthage. At their humble fupplication, we pardoned them; we releafed them, when they were clofely fhut up, without a poffibility of efcaping; we made peace with them, when they were conquered. When they were diftreffed by the African war, we confidered them, we treated them as a people under our protection. And what is the return they make us for all thefe favours? Under the conduct of a hair-brained young man, they come hither to overturn our flate, and lay wafle our country.-I could with, indeed, that it were not fo; and that the war we are now engaged in concerned only our own glory, and not our prefervation. But the conteft at prefent is not for the poffeffion of Sicily and Sardinia, but of Italy itfelf: nor is there behind us another army, which, if we fhould not prove the conquerors, may make head against our victorious enemies, There are no more Alps for them to pafs, which might give us leifure to raile new forces. No, foldiers : here you must make your fland, as if you were juft now before the walls of Rome. Let every one reflect, that he is now to defend, not his own perfon only, but his wife, his children, his helpless infants. Yet, let not private confiderations alone poffefs our minds: let us remember that the eyes of the fenate and people of Rome are upon us; and that, as our force and courage fhall now prove, fuch will be the fortune of that city, and of the Roman empire. Hooke. § 32. Speech of HANNIBAL to the CARTHAGINIAN Army, on the fame Occafion. I know not, foldiers, whether you or your prifoners be encompaffed by fortune with the ftricter bonds and neceflities. Two feas inclofe you on the right and left; not not a fhip to fly to for efcaping. Before you is the Po, a river broader and more rapid than the Rhone: behind you are the Alps; over which, even when your numbers were undiminished, you were hardly able to force a paffage. Here then, foldiers, you must either conquer or die, the very first hour you meet the enemy. But the fame fortune which has thus laid you under the neceffity of fighting, has fet before your eyes thofe rewards of victory, than which no men are ever wont to with for greater from the immortal gods. Should we, by our valour, recover only Sicily and Sardinia, which were ravished from our fathers, those would be no inconfiderable prizes. Yet, what are thofe? The wealth of Rome; whatever riches the has heaped together in the fpoils of nations; all thefe, with the mafters of them, will be yours. You have been long enough employed in driving the cattle upon the vaft mountains of Lufitania and Celtibe. ria; you have hitherto met with no reward worthy of the labours and dangers you have undergone. The time is now come, to reap the full recompence of your toil fome marches over fo many mountains and rivers, and through fo many nations, all of them in arms. This is the place which fortune has appointed to be the limits of your labour; it is here that you will finish your glorious warfare, and receive an ample recompence of your completed fervice. For I would not have you imagine, that victory will be as difficult as the name of a Roman war is great and founding. It has often happened, that a defpifed enemy has given a bloody battle: and the most renowned kings and nations have by a small force been overthrown. And, if you but take away the glitter of the Roman name, what is there wherein they may ftand in competition with you? For (to fay nothing of your service in war, for twenty years together, with fo much valour and fuccefs) from the very pillars of Hercules, from the ocean, from the utmost bounds of the earth, through fo many warlike nations of Spain and Gaul, are you pot come hither victorious? And with whom are you now to fight? With raw foldiers, an undifciplined army, beaten, vanquished, besieged by the Gauls the very la fummer; an army, unknown to their leader, and unacquainted with him. Or fhall I, who was born, I might almoft fay, but certainly brought up, in the tent of my father, that most excellent general; fhall I, the conqueror of Spain aud Gaul; and not only of the Alpine nations, but which is greater ftill, of the Alps themfelves; fhall I compare myself with this half-year captain! a captain, before whom fhould one place the two armies, without their enfigns, I am perfuaded he would not know to which of them he is conful. I efteem it no mall advantage, foldiers, that there is not one among you, who has not often been an eye witness of my exploits in war; not one of whofe valour I myself have not been a fpectator, fo as to be able to name the times and places of his noble atchievements; that with foldiers, whom I have a thousand times praised and rewarded, and whofe pupil I was before I became their general, I fhall march against an army of men ftrangers to one another. On what fide foever I turn my eyes, I behold all full of courage and strength. A veteran infantry: a moft gallant cavalry; you, my allies, most faithful and valiant; you, Carthaginians, whom not only your country's caufe, but the jufteft anger, impels to battle. The hope, the courage, of affailants, is always greater than of thofe who act upon the defenfive. With hostile banners difplayed, you are come down upon Italy: you bring the war. Grief, injuries, indignities, fire your minds, and fpur you forward to revenge.-First, they demanded me; that I, your general, fhould be delivered up to them; next, all of you who had fought at the fiege of Saguntum: and we were to be put to death by the extremeft tortures. Proud and cruel nation! every thing must be yours, and at your difpofal! you are to prescribe to us with whom we fhall make war, with whom we shall make peace. You are to fet us bounds: to fhut us up within hills and rivers; but you, you are not to obferve the limits which yourfelves have fixed ! "Pafs not the Iberus." What next?«Touch not the Saguntines. Sa guntam is upon the Iberus, move not a ftep towards that city." Is it a small matter then that you have deprived us of our ancient poffeffion, Sicily and Sardinia? you would have Spain too. Well, we shall yield Spain, and then-you will pass into Africa. Will pafs, did I fay?—this very year they ordered one of their confuls into Africa, the other into Spain. No fol. diers; there is nothing left for us, but what we can vindicate with our fwords. Come on, then. Be men. The Romans may, with more fafety, be cowards, they have their own country behind them, have places of refuge to fly to, and are fecure from danger in the roads thither; but for you, there is no middle fortune between death and victory. Let this be but well fixed in your minds; and once again, I fay, you are conquerors. Hooke. $33. The Character of HANNIBAL. Hannibal being fent to Spain, on his arrival there attracted the eyes of the whole army. The veterans believed Hamilcar was revived and restored to them: they faw the fame vigorous countenance, the fame piercing eye, the fame complexion and features. But in a fhort time his behaviour occafioned this refemblance of his father to contribute the leaft towards his gaining their favour. And, in truth, never was there a genius more happily formed for two things, moft manifeftly contrary to each other-to obey and to command. This made it difficult to determine, whether the general or foldiers loved him most. Where any enterprize required vigour and valour in the performance, Afdrubal always chofe him to command at the executing it; nor were the troops ever more confident of fuccefs, or more intrepid, than when he was at their head. None ever fhewed greater bravery in undertaking hazardous attempts, or more prefence of mind and conduct in the execution of them. No hardship could fatigue his body, or daunt his courage: he could equally bear cold and heat. The neceffary refection of nature, not the pleafure of his palate, he folely regarded in his meals. He made no diftinction of day and night in his watching, or taking reft; and appropriated no time to fleep, but what remained after he had compleated his duty: he never fought for a foft or retired place of repofe; but was often feen lying on the bare ground, wrapt in a foldier's cloak, amongst the centinels and guards. He did not diftinguish himself from his companions by the magnificence of his drefs, but by the quality of his horfe and arms. At the fame time, he was by far the best foot and horfe foldier in the army; ever the foremost in a charge, and the laft who left the field after the battle was begun. Thefe fhining qualities were however balanced by great vices; inhuman_cruelty; more than Carthaginian treachery; no refpect for truth or honour, no fear of the gods, no regard for the fanctity of oaths, no fenfe of religion. With a difpofition thus chequered with virtues and vices, he ferved three years under Afdrubal, without neglecting to pry into, or perform any thing, that could contribute to make him hereafter a complete general. Livy. $34. The SCYTHIAN Ambasadors to ALEXANDER, on his making Preparas tions to attack their Country. If your perfon were as gigantic as your defires, the world would not contain you. Your right hand would touch the east, and your left the weft at the fame time: you grafp at more than you are equal to. From Europe you reach Afia; from Afia you lay hold on Europe. And if you thould conquer all mankind, you feem ditpofed to wage war with woods and fnows, with rivers and wild beafts, and to attempt to fubdue nature. But have you confidered the ufual courfe of things? have you reflected, that great trees are many years in growing to their height, and are cut down in an hour? it is foolish to think of the fruit only, without confidering the height you have to climb to come at it. Take care left, while you ftrive to reach the top, you fall to the ground with the branches you have laid hold on. Befides, what have you to do with the Scythians, or the Scythians with you? We have never invaded Macedon; why fhould you attack Scythia? You pretend to be the punisher of robbers; and are yourself the general robber of mankind. You have taken Lydia; you have feized Syria; you are master of Perfia; you have fubdued the Bactrians, and attacked India: all this will not fatisfy you, unless you lay your greedy and infatiable hands upon our flocks and our herds. How imprudent is your conduct! you grafp at riches, the poffeffion of which only increafes your avarice. You increafe your hunger, by what fhould produce fatiety; fo that the more you have, the more you defire. But have you forgot how long the conqueft of the Bactrians detained you? while you were fubduing them the Sogdians revolted. Your victories ferve to 10 other purpofe than to find you employment by producing new wars; for the buftness of every conqueft is twofold, to win, and to preferve: and though you may be the greateft of warriors, you must expect that the na tions you conquer will endeavour to shake off the yoke as faft as poffible: for what people chufe to be under foreign dominion? If you will cross the Tanais, you may travel over Scythia, and obferve how extenfive a territory we inhabit. But to conquer us is quite another bufinefs: you will find us at one time, too nimble for your purfuit; and at another time, when you think we are fied far enough from you, you will have us furprife you in your camp for the Scythians attack with no lefs vigour than they fly. It will therefore be your wifdom to keep with ftrict attention what you have gained: catching at more you may lofe what you have. We have a proverbial faying in Scythia, That Fortune has no feet, and is furnished only with hands to diftribute her capricious favours, and with fins to elude the grafp of thofe to whom he has been bountiful. You give yourself out to be a god, the fon of Jupiter Ammon: it fuits the character of a god to beflow favours on mortals, not to deprive them of what they have. But if you are no god, reflect on the precarious condition of humanity. You will thus thew more wisdom, than by dwelling on thofe fubjects which have puffed up your pride, and made you forget yourfelf. You fee how little you are likely to gain by attempting the conqueft of Scythia. On the other hand, you may, if you pleafe, have in us a valuable alliance. We command the borders of both Europe and Afia. There is nothing between us and Bactria but the river Tanais; and our . territory extends to Thrace, which, as we have heard, borders on Macedon. If you decline attacking us in a hoftile manner, you may have our friendship. Nations which have never been at war are on an equal footing; but it is in vain that confidence is repofed in a conquered people: there can be no fincere friendship between the oppreflors and the oppreffed; even in peace, the latter think themfelves entitled to the rights of war against the former. We will, if you think good, enter into a treaty with you, according to our manner, which is not by figning, fealing, and taking the gods to witnefs, as is the Grecian cultom; but by doing actual fervices. The Scythians are not used to promife, but perform without promifing. And they think an appeal to the gods fuperfluous; for that thofe who have no regard for the esteem of men will not hesitate to offend the gods by perjury. You may therefore confider with yourself, whether you had better have a people of such a character, and fo fituated as to have it in their power either to ferve you or to annoy you, according as you treat them, for allies or for enemies. 2. Curtius. § 35. JUNIUS BRUTUS over the dead Body of LUCRETIA, who had stabbed berfelf in confequence of the Rape of TARQUIN. Yes, noble lady, I fwear by this blood which was once fo pure, and which nothing but royal villainy could have polluted, that I will purfue Lucius Tarquinius the Proud, his wicked wife, and their children, with fire and sword: nor will I suffer any of that family, or of any other whatfoever, to be king in Rome.-Ye gods, I call you to witness this my oath! There, Romans, turn your eyes to that fad fpectacle!-the daughter of Lucretius, Collatinus's wife-fhe died by her own hand! See there a noble lady, whom the luft of a Tarquin reduced to the neceffity of being her own executioner, to attest her innocence. Hofpitably entertained by her as a kinfman of her husband, Sextus, the perfidious gueft, became her brutal ravifher. The chafte, the generous Lucretia could not furvive the infult. Glorious woman! but once only treated as a flave, fhe thought life no longer to be endured. Lucretia, a woman, difdained a life that depended on a tyrant's will; and shall we, fhall men, with fuch an example before our eyes, and after five-and twenty years of ignominious fervitude, ffiall we, through a fear of dying, defer one fingle inftant to affert our liberty? No, Romans; now is the time; the favourable moment we have fo long waited for is come. Tarquin is not at Rome: the Patricians are at the head of the enterprize: the city is abundantly provided with men, arms, and all things neceflary. There is nothing wanting to fecure the fuccefs, if our own courage does not fail us. And fhall thofe warriors who have ever been fo brave when foreign enemies were to be fubdued, or when conquests were to be made to gratify the ambition and avarice of Tarquin, be then only cowards, when they are to deliver themfelves from flavery? Some of you are perhaps intimidated by the army which Tarquin now com mands; |