the misery that such a war occasions among the vanquished. It has not been unusual for the population of whole towns to die of starvation, their crops of rice and cassada having been destroyed by the enemy.

4. On the 17th of March the brig Harriet, from Norfolk, arrived at Monrovia, and landed 155 passengers in good health and spirits. This company of emigrants were from Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina. Upward of forty were slaves, liberated on condition of going to Liberia. Some had long been free, and acquired considerable property, and nearly all had been recommended as industrious and exemplary. Comfortable shelters had been prepared for them, against the rains which soon commenced. In about ten days after their landing they began to have the fever of the country. The indisposition which they first experienced was slight, from which, having partially recovered, they regarded the danger as past; and by imprudent exposures to the weather, and a free indulgence of the tropical fruits, brought on a far more fatal disease.

5. At the same time both the colonial agent and physician were so reduced by fever as to be unable, for the most part, to give personal attendance to their patients, twentysix of whom died in the course of the summer. It is to be lamented that instructions from the Board to the colonial agent, on the importance of having these emigrants, immediately on their landing, removed to Millsburg, were by some oversight not sent by the Harriet.

6. Dr. Randall recovered from his first slight attack of fever without having been long interrupted in his devoted attention to the wants of the Colony. Fatigue and exposure brought on a relapse, from which he again recovered; by similar imprudence he was again taken down. His fourth and last attack proved fatal. He died on the 20th of April, the victim of an enthusiasm which it is impossible not both to admire and regret. His loss was deeply felt in the Colony, and by the friends of colonization in the United States, as it was hoped that upon him

had fallen the mantle of Ashmun. On receiving the tidings of Dr. Randall's death, the Board appointed Dr. Mecklin as his successor.

7. Both Sabbath and day-schools continued throughout the Colony, but the want of qualified teachers was still felt. Joseph Shipherd, an experienced colored teacher from Richmond, Va., came out in the Harriet, and Mr. J. B. Russwurm, a young man of color, who received his education at Bowdoin College, Maine, and came out to the Colony for the express purpose of superintending and improving the system of education, arrived on the 12th of November.

8. The celebrated Moorish prince, Abduhl Rahhahman, went out in the ship Harriet, and while waiting at the Colony to receive intelligence from his friends and brother, who was then the reigning king of Teembo, died of a sudden illness on the 6th of July. It was his intention, had he lived to visit his native country, to obtain means to liberate his children who were slaves in the United States, and with them to return and settle in the Colony, where it was hoped his influence would be the means of opening a direct communication for trade with Teembo, and thus divert at least a portion of the trade of that place from Sierra Leone to Liberia.

9. Two of the citizens made a trading excursion this year to Bo Poro, the capital of King Boatswain's dominions, 150 miles interior. He professed himself a warm friend of the Colony (toward which he had always been well disposed), and made a distinct proposal through these colonists for the establishment of a factory at his town, offering to send down people to assist in transporting goods from the Colony, should the agent determine to build a factory. The commerce of the country was still active, and the crops of the farmers greater than in any preceding year. The emigrants by the Harriet had their lands assigned them, and commenced clearing and building.

CHAPTER XXXVI.

LARGE ACCESSIONS OF NATIVES AND EMIGRANTS.

1. FIVE additional Swiss missionaries came out in 1830. They left Europe in 1829, accompanied by one of the five who had previously visited Liberia, but was obliged to return with his invalid brother missionary to Switzerland. They came by the way of the United States, where they spent several months in visiting the churches. On the 27th of February, fifty-eight emigrants arrived in the brig Liberia, from Norfolk, and with them Dr. Anderson, the colonial physician and assistant agent, also two of the Swiss missionaries (the others having come out a month previous); all landed in good health, and were highly delighted with the country.

2. Among these emigrants was the Rev. George Erskine, a Presbyterian minister, with his wife, five children, and his mother, about eighty years of age, who was born in Africa. All this family were born slaves, and their freedom was bought by Mr. Erskine. He was an intelligent man and an interesting preacher. During the passage he preached every Sabbath. He said one day to the captain, "I am going to a new country to settle myself and family as agriculturists, to a country where the complexion will be no barrier to our filling the most exalted stations." Another interesting passenger was Mr. Cook; he was about seventy years of age, and had a family of thirty persons, all of whom evidenced the beneficial effects of the good old man's counsel. They were Methodists, from Lynchburg, Va.

3. On the 4th of March, ninety-one recaptured Africans arrived. They sailed from the United States in August, 1829. But owing to the ignorance and obstinacy of the captain (who, disregarding the experience of navigators,

determined on pursuing a direct course to Liberia, which deprived him of the benefit of the trade winds), after being out eighty-nine days, they were obliged to put into Barbadoes; and the vessel being condemned as unseaworthy, another was here chartered in which to prosecute their voyage.

4. The whole of this company were entirely exempt from the fever of the country, though they had been some time in the United States. They were therefore able immediately to take possession of the lands assigned them, and commence building their huts, which they had thatched in a different manner from those of the natives adjacent, and quite superior to them. The entire settlement of recaptured Africans, containing about 400 inhabitants, was at this time one of the neatest and most flourishing in the Colony. It seemed almost incredible that these could be the same individuals who when in bondage evinced so little intellect and forethought. They furnished a large supply of vegetables, melons, fowls, etc., for the market of Monrovia.

5. Soon after the arrival of the Liberia, Dr. Mecklin was compelled, by the state of his health, to leave the Colony, and the administration of government devolved on Dr. Anderson, who was then in good health, and continued to discharge the duties of his agency until April, when he died, after an illness of ten days. The death, also, of three of the Swiss missionaries, which occurred in quick succession, cast a gloom over the settlement. The colored passengers by the Liberia had the fever slightly at first, and it was hoped would pass through their seasoning with safety. But having no physician to attend them, and, in general, disregarding the advice of the older settlers not to expose themselves to the heat, and rain, and evening dews, several, in the course of the summer, died; among them was the Rev. Mr. Erskine.

6. Early in June, seventy emigrants arrived in the Montgomery. Thirty of these were liberated by one gentleman

in Georgia; and as the climate has little effect on people from that section of the country, the deaths of two small children were the only ones that occurred among this hardy company during their acclimation. Among the other emigrants by the Montgomery, who were chiefly from Virginia, the sickness was more severe, and in a greater number of instances proved fatal.

7. More of an agricultural spirit seemed at this time to prevail in the Colony. The emigrants who came out the preceding year by the Harriet were chiefly men who knew the value of industry, and their application to business was manifest in the flourishing condition of their farms. Caldwell, the place of their residence, is a beautiful town, situated at the junction of the St. Paul's and Stockton Creek, consisting of one street about a mile and a half long, kept very clean, and planted on each side with rows of plantain and bananas. Between this and the water there is an open space, contributing to the beauty and health of the place.

8. Those who applied themselves diligently and perseveringly to farming from the first, were generally in a prosperous condition. But the mania for trading was too apt to seize new-comers, many of whom engaging in it, not only without adequate means, but wholly destitute of experience, would be cheated by the natives, lose their property, and become dissatisfied with the place. Those who expected to live comfortably, and get rich without labor, constituted nearly the whole class of murmurers.

9. The schools of the Colony were in a deplorable condition for the want of funds and competent teachers. Mr. Shipherd soon became so engrossed by his duties as colonial surveyor, that he gave up his school altogether, which left only two pay schools in operation, and these embracing but a small number of pupils. Mr. Kisling, one of the Swiss missionaries, had collected a school for orphans and natives, which the state of his health permitted him to attend to but very irregularly. One of the emigrants by the Liberia opened a school at Caldwell. There was none