tion cost 2000 marks. He had likewise expended in the court of Rome, on his acquiring the prelacy, 4000 marks. The dignity to which he had arisen from an humble station in life, his talents and learning enabled him to support. To the deserving of his clergy he was mild and indulgent; but to those whom vice had infected, or indolence corrupted, he was unsparing in his censures, and unrelenting in his hostility. He was, indeed, indefatigable in his exertions, to root out what he considered abuses in the church; and on those who held pluralities, or were non-resident, he exercised much severity. He neither feared the laity, nor flattered the clergy (says Fuller), and was a great punisher of pluralities. The bigotry of the times sanctioned him in his persecution of the Jews; but the wise policy of Edward prevented the demolition of their synagogues within the diocese of London, which the edict of the archbishop had commanded. He founded Wingham College, in Kent, for canons, and expended about 3000 marks in repairing his episcopal seats and manors. He had a mansion in his native county, at Slindon; another at Malling; and a third at Terrible-down, in the parish of Framfield; the ruins of which are still remaining. He died at Mortlake, on the sixth of the Ides of December, 1379, and was buried in Canterbury Cathedral.”

Among the lithographic prints (twenty-nine in number), illustrative of the subject-matter of the work, are portraits of two of the individuals whose histories are given-Mr. John Rowe and Sir William Burrell. To these twenty-nine prints are added twenty-three woodengravings and two copper-plates; the whole forming a rich and elegant assemblage of graphic elucidations, the style and obvious cost of which correspond with the other evidences of the spirit, liberality, and good taste, by which the reverend author has been guided, in preparing his respectable labours for the public eye.

After admitting that, like all other human efforts, the present is by no means a perfect performance, and observing, that among its defects are those of an occasional awkwardness of collocation, and quaintness of phraseology, sometimes commixed with turgidity, and at other times with obscurity, we close Mr. Horsfield's volume; but not without such a parting word, as we wish we could more often apply to productions demanding our free and honest opinion. It abounds with information, at once useful and pleasing; is, for the most part, clear, and easy in its diction, sometimes brightens into elegance, and, in its totality, is qualified to form an eligible accession to the most select libraries.

VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.

The Private Journal of Captain G. F. Lyon, of his Majesty's Ship Hecla, during the recent Voyage of Discovery, under Captain Parry. -1 vol. 8vo. pp. 468. Murray.

THE present publication having been preceded by that of Captain Parry on the same subject, it, of course, comes forth under the disadvantage of having had much of its matter forestalled; but, nevertheless, the selection of its incidents and particulars is so judicious, and many of the occurrences are so interesting in themselves, as well as distinct from those described in the precursory work, that we think all who read this volume, will feel obliged to Captain Lyon's judgment and communicative industry. Whatever we think of the wisdom of even hoping to discover a north-west passage to India, or of deriving from such a passage, could it be found, any advantage to commerce, (considering the difficulty and delay, doubt and uncer

tainty, that would invariably attend every future effort in the same direction); whatever, we repeat, is our opinion respecting the possibility of such a discovery, we think the attempt, attended as it is with the extension of useful knowledge, and the means of gratifying ingenious curiosity, by no means to be regretted; and Captains Parry and Lyon, without having found a way through seas that do not exist, or been able to carry their vessels over-land to the Indian Ocean, will, by their respective relations, have rendered their repeated trials serviceable and gratifying to the public, and have done honour to their own characters, as men of intelligence, discernment, and capacity for literary narrative.

The information conveyed by Captain Lyon's book, is comprised in twelve chapters. The course of the expedition from England to Haud's Channel is regularly and clearly described, and the winter spent in the icy quarters is depicted with ability and apparent faithfulness. The ships had not been long locked up before they were visited by the Esquimaux, the amusement of whose presence followed and relieved that of theatrical representation, the magic lanthorn, and other diversions. A part of the entertainment afforded them by the savages, consisted of a concert, in which, if the Esquimaux melodies were wild and monotonous, the female voices were extremely mellifluous and flexible. In some handicraft occupations, these people, who are by nature docile and obliging, discovered considerable skill and readiness; and the women were found to excel in making shoes, boots, and other articles of male and female dress; which employments they pursue at home, while the men are absent on sealing excursions, or in providing for the subsistence of their families, by fishing or hunting. It would appear, that no part of the human species is destitute of genius. Instances occurred amongst these people, in proof of an occult talent for the fine arts:

Ayokitt," says Captain Lyon, "who sat with me for some time, amused himself by drawing men, animals, boats, &c. in so curious and ingenious a manner, as to determine me on treasuring his productions."

The accurate information, evinced by some of the Esquimaux, in geography, as far as concerns their own country and its vicinities, gave further evidence of their not being unendowed with abilities. The paragraph in which the Captain bears witness of their acquisition in this province of science, is the following:

During the last few days, we had been most agreeably employed in obtaining charts of the countries around us, from Iligliak and Eewerat, who were our hydrographers, and appeared to enter into our ideas with great spirit and judgment. In all essential points our two informants agreed extremely well. I was for some time incredulous as to their knowledge of the position of the cardinal points of the compass; conceiving that a people who, for weeks or months (according to the part of the coast they are living on) do not see the sun, and again, for the same time, have it continually above the horizon, could have no idea of the east or west, which we Europeans misname the points of the sun's rising or setting. I was ultimately convinced of my error; and, from many concurring circumstances, was led to suppose, that the stars, and particularly the constellation Ursa Major, were their chief guides in this respect."

When the winter began to break up, the Fury and Hecla made efforts to disengage themselves from the departing ice; but it was with great difficulty, and not till one ship had been driven upon the other in a dangerous and alarming manner, that they were able to get again into an open sea, and put themselves on the renewal of Crit. Gaz. Vol. 1. No. 2.

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their search for a north-west passage. In this, so soon as they were able, they persevered in every practicable way, defying every danger, and unappalled by every obstacle, till increasing difficulties and discouragements determined them to abandon, for the present, the object of their pursuit, and return home, with a view to the embracing a future and more promising opportunity for similar exertions. This resolution, however, was not hastily adopted. Various consultations were held on the subject, before Captain Parry came to his final conclusion; which he formed partly on the report of the surgeon, respecting the state of the health of the ships' crews, and partly on the advice of Captain Lyon, given in the following letter, addressed to Captain Parry, in answer to his written communication to Captain Lyon, desiring his opinion as to future operations :

"The health of your crew being of the utmost importance in every point of view, I shall, in the first place, state that, independently of the weighty opinions of your medical officers, I have, for some time, been apprehensive that the Fury's passing another winter in this country would be extremely hazardous. I am induced thus to express myself, from the great change I have observed in the constitution of the officers and men of his Majesty's ship Hecla, and the appearance of some severe cases of scurvy, since the summer has commenced. I am also aware, that the same scorbutie symptoms have been noticed, and do still exist, in the Fury.

"Our long continuance on one particular diet; our almost total deprivation of fresh animal or vegetable food for above two years; and the necessary and close confinement we have been subjected to, during several months of each severe winter, have, undoubtedly, occasioned the general change of constitution which has for some time been so evident. I, therefore, conceive, that a continued exposure to the same deprivations and confinements, the solitude of a single ship, and the painful monotony of another winter to men whose health is already precarious, would, in all probability, be attended with very serious consequences."

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The writer concludes his letter, with observing to Captain P. that, were he to stay, he does not conceive, that any further discoveries could be made till the following summer, of sufficient importance to warrant risking the safety of the officers and men ; and that, therefore, it is his advice, that the ships should return to England, as soon as such arrangements as may be necessary shall be completed.

The home-passage, excepting some temporary danger from the vessels driving and striking each other, and the natural death of a valuable officer, was favourable and pleasant, especially down Hudson's Strait, and across the Atlantic to Lerwick, where the commanders, officers, and crews, found the most hospitable reception.

We cannot close Captain Lyon's volume without giving him the praise to which he has entitled himself, by furnishing the public with a most acceptable supplement to Captain Parry's excellent account of this second voyage to the northern seas; and, though we so little flatter ourselves, that any skill, courage, and perseverance, will attain the object sought, we cannot but foresee considerable improvement of the condition of the Esquimaux and other inhabitants of the northern portion of the globe, as one happy consequence of these attempts; and we promise ourselves much gratification from the perusal of future descriptions of the third experiment, from the same easy, unaffected, and qualified pens.

Narrative of an Excursion to the Mountains of Piedmont, and Researches amongst the Vaudois, or Waldenses, Protestant Inhabitants of the Cottian Alps; with Maps, Plates, and an Appendix: containing Copies of ancient Manuscripts, and other interesting Documents, illustrative of the History and Manners of that extraordinary People. By the Rev. William Stephen Gilly, M. A. Rector of North Farnbridge, Essex, &c.-4to. 279. Appendix, pp. 232.

THIS work contains most interesting information concerning that remarkable people, who, in their remote valleys, preserved the primitive purity of the Christian faith, during the dark ages, uncontaminated by superstitious opinions, and the general corruption of discipline and morals. The Waldenses still adhere to their ancient faith, and are distinguished for the simplicity of their manners, no less than for that heroic valour, which, through so many centuries, has enabled them to defend themselves against the cruel persecutions of their enemies. Their number altogether is about 20,000, occupying three Alpine valleys, on the frontier of France and Savoy; but subject to the latter country, whose sovereign, for more than a century, has assumed the title of King of Sardinia. Mr. Gilly proceeded to Pomaretto, and visited Mr. Rodolphe Peyrani, the Moderator, or primate of the thirteen pastors of the Waldensian church. In his intercourse with him, he had much gratification.

I cannot forget, nor must I omit (says Mr. G.) to notice the evident satisfaction M. Peyrani felt in explaining how closely the doctrines of the Vaudois church assimilated to those of the church of England. He pointed to the works of Tillotson, Barrow, and Taylor, which still enriched his bookcase, and declared, that every time he read them, he was more and more gratified by the light which these English divines had thrown upon truths, for their adherence to which his poor brethren had been so often obliged to conceal themselves in their mountain-fastnesses. But, remember,' said the old man, with conscious and becoming pride; remember, that you are indebted to us for your emancipation from papal thraldom. We led the way. We stood in the front rank, and against us the first thunderbolts of Rome were fulminated. The baying of the blood-hounds of the inquisition was heard in our valleys before you knew its name. They hunted down some of our ancestors, and pursued others from glen to glen, and over rock and mountain, till they obliged them to take refuge in foreign countries. A few of these wanderers penetrated as far as Provence and Languedoc, and from them were derived the Albigenses, or heretics of Albi. The province of Guienne was then in your possession. From an English province, our doctrines found their way into England itself, and your Wickliffe preached nothing more than what had been advanced by the ministers of our valleys four hundred years before his time. Whence,' continued my aged informant, with increased animation, came your term Lollards, but from a Waldesian pastor, Walter Lollard, who flourished about the middle of the thirteenth century? and the Walloons of the Low Countries were nothing more than a sect, whose name is easily found in the corruption of our own. As for ourselves, we have been called heretics and Arians, Manicheans, and Cathari; but we are, like yourselves, a church built up in Christ,‚—a church with the discipline and regular administration of divine service, which constitutes a church. We have adhered to the tenets of the apostolic age, and the Roman Catholics have separated from us. Ours is the apostolical succession, from which the Roman hierarchy has departed, rather than ourselves. We are not only a church by name and outward forms, but a church actually interested by faith in Jesus Christ, the corner stone."

The Waldenses use the liturgy of the church of Geneva. They have no form of burial service. The title of Bishop has been laid aside by the primate, on account of the diminished number of his flock. Formerly, the Waldenses were in possession of several other valleys. The more humble title of Moderator is that now assumed,

and is more in conformity with his real power; for the affairs of the church are under the government of the thirteen pastors assembled in synod, at which he presides. The synods appoint a pastor to a vacant charge, from two or three candidates, approved of by the people. Educated in Switzerland, most of the clergy have a leaning towards the Presbyterian model of equality in the priesthood; and the functions of the moderator are little more than nominal. During the time that Savoy was under the dominion of Napoleon, lands were allotted for the support of the pastors, which yielded 1200 francs a-year; but, since the return of the royal family, the lands have been resumed. At the instances of the Prussian and Belgian ministers, the king was induced to allow the pastors a pension of 500 francs each; and the communes pay 140 francs more. The Dutch government allows a small pension; and 300 francs are annually paid to each of the thirteen pastors from the "Society for propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts;" from friends collected in England, in 1768, by the letters patent of George III. From all these sources, a revenue of 1040 francs a year is obtained; and the pastors have also a small parsonage; but no fees of any sort are taken for the discharge of any part of their duties. Schools are established in all the parishes. Prussia, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, contribute their aid for the support of schools, and the education of students of theology. Since the period in which they were under the protection of the French emperor, the Waldenses have suffered much annoyance and persecution. They are excluded from rank in the army, and are not permitted to hold landed property, or to follow any of the learned professions, beyond the bounds of their own limited community; they are compelled to observe all the festival days of the catholics; their clergy are subjected to the conscription; and, but for the interference of the Prussian ambassador, one of them would lately have been dragged off to the ranks. Very interesting accounts are given of the valiant contests maintained by the Waldenses, against the armies of both Savoy and France; particularly of the gallant pastor, Arnaud, and a little band of warriors, who recovered their territories, after they had been expelled from them in the seventh century. Notwithstanding the severe persecutions with which they have been assaulted, they have uniformly been distinguished for their fidelity to their sovereigns, and have never listened to the temptations held out to them by France. On the whole, we must say, we are much pleased with this work; and though, perhaps, the intelligence it communicates might have been conveyed in a smaller compass, the author is too correct in his observations, and too pleasant in his manner of presenting them, to permit our saying, that we think a single page of his publication is unprofitably or superfluously occupied.

Letters from an Absent Brother; containing some Account of a Tour through Parts of the Netherlands, Switzerland, Northern Italy, and France, in the Summer of 1823.-2 vols. 12mo. pp. 215-251. THESE two little volumes contain hasty sketches and unconnected remarks, transmitted, from time to time, by the author, to his friends in this