laws with other portions of organic matter-not in the same ratio by exercise as much as the muscles;—but it can be expanded as certainly. Does the animal department predominate? The taste for animal indulgencies is keen, the pleasures derived from them is intense, and the danger of lawless devotion to them great. Does the moral compartment surpass in size? A wish to comply with moral obligation constitutes the ruling passion of the party thus organised, and his chief delight is to do bis duty. To him each act of well-doing is its own reward. He follows virtue, even for virtue's sake. This he does from moral instinct, without the influence of human laws or any positive Divine command. The laws that he obeys are those of his own constitution. He has a law in himself-he is devoted to inquiry, to study. He delights in knowledge, and the kind most agreeable to him is determined by the intellectual organs most developed.

Here is a plain and easy process by which the condition of man may be improved. Extend the treatment to the whole human race, and universal improvement in the organisation will be the issue. And what glorious fruits would be the products! The understanding is not an autocratic faculty, and its most assured conclusions are oftentimes disregarded in practice, being either over-ruled by passion, or neglected through carelessness; so that it is necessary on these accounts to supersede its dominion by one on which more certain reliance can be placed. Is it not then, we again ask, of paramount importance that this wonderful conglomeration of atoms, the brain, should be kept in a clean and clarified condition, braced and screwed

up, fitted for retaining great ideas, and adapted to all its varied movements? No single man is born with a right of controlling the opinions of the rest. If the late Russian Czar's brain had been in this healthful condition,-if the master, or rather, monster passion, mono-maniacal ambition, had been crushed in the seed,-what massacres would have been prevented! what woe, agonising, deep seated heart distress in thousands of bosoms would have been excluded! There is no music in the soul where this bed of thorns, mad ambition, absorbs the whole man;where one infinitesimal point of the brain becomes præternaturally and monstrously enlarged, what can you expect? Such men, we repeat, are more diseased than depraved. But, may we inquire, had the haughty autocrat one honest soul in his cabinet? Had he, a fortiori, one transparent, sincere, upright, and downright man physician or surgeon in his suite? No,-Junius is right; his being a king, forbade his having a true friend. We should just like to have had the honour of being the controller of the late Czar's physical department: a medical scavenger, with a good drastic broom-of which he was sadly lacking (none of your infinitesimal feathers), would have worked wonders, scouring out the vitiated and sour secretions from the imperial viscera; after neutralising the mad blood. that had been fermenting and corrupting for years; counterirritation and counter-action would have had miraculous effects in his house of clay, and possibly consummated the cure. He would not after this discipline, we think, have had any pre-disposition to spread dismay, consternation, and dismality in every part of the political horizon. But

honesty amongst courtiers and diplomatists, cum multis aliis, is at a fearful discount. Dissimulation, tact, fraud, and deceit stand at a high premium: like many others, the late Czar was

"A rebel to himself,-calls his best friends foes,
Wholesome advice neglects, and on he goes."

"If we consider the present state of the world," says Dr. I., "it will be found that all confidence is lost among mankind; that no man ventures to act where money can be endangered, on the faith of another. It is impossible to see long scrolls in which every contract is included, with all their appendages of seals and attestations, without wondering at the depravity of those beings who must be restrained from violations of promise by such formal and public evidences, and precluded from equivocation and subterfuge by such punctilious minuteness." May I seriously ask of what use is a man's brain in the present era? To be sincere and honest is to be persecuted, maligned, and misunderstood, misrepresented, and every evil thing said of you.

The English do not encourage talent of a high order; but tact of a very low order is very much in request. If talent is power, tact is momentum-ten to one for worldly purposes. Brain investment is a bad one; people love darkness more than transparent beams of truth, which like the sun's rays, always travel in straight lines. The results are, amongst a majority of literary aspirants, apathy, inaction, and poverty of intellect. It is (we say it more in sorrow than in anger) sad to contemplate how many geniuses have been strangled in the cradle of science for

lack of a few benevolent cheers!-the good men and true, who would not make talent a marketable commodity. In the end, however, study becomes a supreme element, and is loved for its own sake, and no stupidity can arrest or crush it. A studious man could no more live without his mental food, than enjoy life without material aliment. A thinking man lives more than another, and lives longer if he think moderately, generally, generously, and benevolently. If, my friend, you seek an object worth living for, let it be to leave the world your debtor: without this, life is a cold and withering mockery, a tree whose leaves are gilded rottenness. And, after all, what is the upshot from a reckless world where science alone has neither a habitation, nor a name? Look for nothing, and you will find all you seek. If men had given to their own bodies, or to the bodies of their fellow-beings, the thousandth part of the attention and enthusiasm they have given to their souls, should we witness so many morbid pietists? It is good to bind up the bleeding heart, to console the sufferer; it is good to cure disease when a cure is possible; but it is better that the suffering and the disease should never have existed.

Any human being who spends his or her life without passing a considerable portion of each day in the open air, lives a life of sin. The open heavens are Nature's temple; and those who do not reverence her, she will not reverence. We should endeavour as much as possible, if we would avoid morbid sensibility, to carry our enjoyments and pursuits-nay, as far as may be, our meals and our studies-into the open air.

Evening lectures, and Mechanics' Institutes, good though they be, will not atone for the want of open air. Amusements are as necessary for man as instruction, and form no less important a part of his real duty, for without joy and hilarity the man and the child will alike become diseased. Nothing is more hurtful to man's health, physical and moral, than an austere, serious state of mind (id. est, righteous over much), which cannot be amused, and is constantly prone to gloomy views. This sombre cast of mind is one of the great evils of our national character, especially in the Scotch. If the poor man has no other day to enjoy the open air, his holiday Sunday betwixt services should be spent, if possible, in the country entirely in the open air; but not in that boisterous, free, unrestrained way which the Parisians and other Continental States practice. Moderation in all things must be our guide. There is no safety for man, unless all of us learn to reverence the physical as much as the moral interests of ourselves and our neighbours.

Neither physically nor morally can the poor be sufficiently elevated, save by the habitual mingling among them for mutual instruction, and by the sympathy of those who have more time and opportunity to cultivate their favourite faculties. It is not sufficiently recognised that the mind has its health and disease, exactly like the body dependent on fixed natural laws. If our thoughts and feelings are in harmony with truth and nature, our minds will be healthful and happy; if not, they will be unhappy and morbid. Happiness is the sign of moral health; it is one grand goal for human aspiration; just as physical happi