Clarksborough is situated eight miles south-east from

Jefferson.

Watkinsville is situated between Oconee and Appalachy Rivers, six miles south-west of Athens.

Marion is situated on the head waters of Savage Creek, ten miles east from Ocmulgee River, and contains 193 inhabitants.

Clinton is situated ten miles east from Ocmulgee, and contains 841 inhabitants.

Monticello is 22 miles north from Clinton.

Sunbury is situated forty miles south-west from Savannah, and has a good harbour and a little trade.

Darien is situated at the outlet of the Alatamaha River, and great exertions have been made to improve it, and render it a commercial place. A bank was established here some years ago.

St. Mary's is situated on the north bank of St. Mary's River, near the outlet; and is a good port and pretty healthy situation. Population, 771.

Roads, Canals, and Public Improvements.-For a long period, the roads in this state were very much neglected, but attention to that important subject has of late been excited, and several good roads have been constructed, and amendments made on old lines of road. The state, particularly in the lower part, is remarkably well supplied with navigable rivers, which serve as canals; and considerable exertions have been made to improve the large streams, so as to aid the navigation.

Government and Laws.-The constitution of Georgia was formed in 1798, and has been since amended. By it the powers of government are legislative, executive, and judiciary. The legislative branch consists of a general assembly, composed of a senate and house of representatives, the members of which are elected annually; the

senators, one from each county, and the representatives not less than one, nor more than four from each county. A senator must be twenty-five years of age, and possessed of a real estate of $500, or pay taxes for $1000 within the county. He must be a citizen of the United States for nine years, and of the state for three; and have resided within the county a year preceding the election. A representative must be 21 years of age, possessed of a freehold worth $250, or of $500 taxable property, within the county. He must have been a citizen of the United States for seven years, and of the state for three; and have resided in the county one year preceding the election. The executive branch is vested in a governor, who is chosen for two years, by the general assembly. He must be 30 years of age, and have been a citizen of the United States twelve years, and of the state six; and be possessed of 500 acres of land, and other property, worth $4000. The judiciary power is vested in a superior court, and an inferior court for each county. The judges are all elected by the people-the judges of the superior court for three years, and of the inferior courts and justices annually. The right of voting at elections belongs to all citizens who have resided six months in the counties for which they vote, and have paid such taxes as have been assessed.

Education and Manners.-In 1803, Franklin College went into operation, and there is now connected with it an academy in each county; and for the support of these institutions $1000 has been provided for each county. In the year 1817, an appropriation of $200,000 was made by the legislature, for the establishment of free schools throughout the state, which it is presumed will have a great tendency to improve the public mind. The people of Georgia are generally very hospitable and friendly.

Boundaries.-On the north, Tennessee; east, Georgia; south, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico; west, Mississippi.

Face of the Country.-Below Point Comfort and Cahawba the country is generally low and level. To the northward it rises by gentle acclivities, and is agreeably variegated. In the upper part, towards Tennessee River, it is hilly, and in some places mountainous. Beyond the hilly district is the valley of Tennessee, which is highly elevated, rich and variegated.

Mountains.-The Alleghany chain terminates in the upper part of Georgia, but a number of the spurs or fragments traverse the upper part of this state. One ridge passes S. W. from Ross, on Tennessee River, and passing between the Coosa and Black Warrior River, terminates near the head waters of Cahawba. The highlands continue westward, on the dividing ridge between the southern waters and those falling into Tennessee River, and a spur proceeds south from that between Black Warrior and Tombeckbee Rivers. Some of the peaks rise to an elevation of 3000 feet above the level of the sea.

Rivers.-The principal streams have been described in the general view; and it is only necessary here to mention the principal tributary branches.

Cahawba River is a large stream, rising near Hanbyville, and running 120 miles nearly a south course, it falls into Alabama River at Cahawba. It is navigable by keel boats to the falls.

Tuscaloosa or Black Warrior River rises in the dividing

ridge, and runs a S. S. W. course of more than 120 miles, and falls into Tombeckbee River, at Demopolis. This river is navigable with steam boats to Tuscaloosa, and in freshets boats ascend a considerable way above.

Elk Creek rises near Winchester, Tennessee, and runs a west course nearly 40 miles. It then turns to a southwest course, and passing into Alabama, it falls into Tennessee River, at the Muscle Shoals. Its whole length is about 90 miles, and it is navigable about 60.

Bear Creek rises in the dividing ridge, and running a N. W. course of about 70 miles, it falls into the Tennessee, at the N. W. corner of Alabama.

Choctaw River rises in the southern part of the state, and falls into the bay of Saint Roses, on the Gulf of Mexico.

Yellow Water River rises near the head waters of the Choctaw, and running south-west, falls into Pensacola Bay.

Connecuh River rises near Hurricane Spring, and runs a south-west course of 80 miles, when it unites with the Escambia.

Escambia River rises near Fort Claiborne, and running a southwardly course, it unites with the Connecuh, and forms Escambia Bay above Pensacola.

Geological Formation.—The southern part of the state, below Cahawba, is alluvial. From Cahawba to near the falls of the Black Warrior it is principally transition with some primitive. The valley of Tennessee River is secondary.

Soil and Natural Productions.-The alluvial district is pretty similar to that of Georgia, in point of soil; it is generally light, thin, and sandy, and covered with pine barrens, but having much excellent land on the banks of rivers; and there are many fertile prairies. The central

part is mountainous and rugged, but there are many fertile valleys, and the climate is favourable to vegetation. The northern part, consisting of the valley of Tennessee, is one of the most fertile spots in the United States. Generally, it is estimated that three-fifths of the lands of this state are of good quality. The natural productions are nearly the same as in Georgia.

Minerals.-Coal of a fine quality abounds in the Tennessee Valley. Iron ore is plenty in many parts of the state. Limestone and freestone are found in the northern part. In many situations in the valley of Tennessee there are salt springs. Burr flint has been found in all the ridges of the northern mountains.

Climate. In the general view of the United States the climate of Alabama has three varieties, the warmest or hot, the warm, and temperate. The hot climate extends from the Gulf of Mexico to Fort Jackson. Thence to the Falls of Black Warrior it is warm, and to the north temperate. In the whole of the state the climate in autumn, winter, and spring, is very pleasant. In the upper country the summers are also agreeable, and even in the low country the summer heat, though constant, the air is so fanned with breezes from the Gulf of Mexico, that the extreme point of heat is seldom more than 90 degrees; and from the favourable position of Alabama, the thermometer in the northern parts, in winter, is seldom under 20o. By observations made at Cahawba, the seat of government, in 1819, the mean heat of June, July, and August, was 84o, and of December 63°. The highest point in July was 94o, and the lowest in December was 30o.

Historical View.-In 1800, the territory which now forms the states of Alabama and Mississippi, was formed into a territorial government, and two years after, the state of Georgia, for $1,250,000, sold all her interest in