Erie, and is a place of considerable trade. The steam boat from Buffalo to Detroit touches here. The population is 635.

Warren is the capital of Warren county, and is situated at the outlet of Connewango Creek into the Alleghany River. Population, 182.

Mercer, the seat of justice of Mercer county, is situated on the turnpike road from Pittsburg to Erie, on the west side of Neshanock Creek, and is a thriving place. Population, 506.

Butler, the seat of justice of Butler county, is situated on the head waters of Conequanessing Creek, where the turnpike road from Pittsburg to Erie crosses. Population, 225.

Beaver, the seat of justice of Beaver county, is situated at the junction of Beaver River with the Ohio River, 29 miles north-west from Pittsburg. Population, 261.

Roads, Canals, and Improvements.-On this subject the state of Pennsylvania has shown a great deal of public spirit and enterprise. From the nature of the state, it does not admit of extensive inland navigation, except by the rivers, and many of these have been greatly improved, particularly the Schuylkill and Lehigh, as before mentioned. An attempt is making to complete a navigation between the Schuylkill and Susquehanna Rivers, by the Union Canal, which is to keep nearly the course of the Tulpehocken, Quitopahilla, and Swatara Creeks. The Tulpehocken falls into the Schuylkill River a little above Reading, and the Swatara falls into the Susquehanna nine miles below Harrisburg; its length is 78 miles; lockage east of Lebanon 278 feet in 53 locks, and 37 locks on the western section; there is a tunnel 286 yards in length. A canal is making across the state of Delaware, from Delaware river to French Creek, on the Susquehanna, which will

be of great importance to the city of Philadelphia. Another plan has long been in contemplation, to cut a canal across Jersey, from the Delaware to Rariton River, and efforts are now making to accomplish it.

The turnpike roads are numerous and extensive. Taking the city of Philadelphia as a radiating point, we find good turnpike roads leading to almost every part of the state. Several great lines of road extend east and west from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, and there are others extending to the north-east part of the state, one to Erie, north-west, and one is nearly complete through the northern part of the state, towards Newton, in the state of NewYork. There are also, a great number of cross roads turnpiked. The amount of capital invested by the state, in these undertakings, is $1,861,542, and by individuals, $4,158,347. The whole number of miles contemplated in the charter, already issued, is 2521, of which, 1807 have been completed. The state has subscribed to bridges $382,000, and individuals $1,629,000; and to canals, the state has subscribed $130,000, and individuals, $1,916, 510; so that funds have been raised in support of these improvements, to the extent of more than $10,000,000,* and the greater part of this has been done within. these twenty years.

Government and Laws.-The present constitution was adopted in 1790, and is legislative, executive, and judiciary. The legislative power is vested in a senate and house of representatives, styled the General Assembly. The senators are elected by senatorial districts, and serve four years, and one-fourth vacate their seats annually. A senator must be 25 years of age, and have been a citizen and inhabitant of the state four years next before his election. The representatives are elected by the respective counties and city of Philadelphia, according to * Col. Raguet's Report in Senate, 1822.

the number of taxable inhabitants, and must be so apportioned as not to exceed 100, nor be fewer than 60. A representative must be twenty-one years of age, and have been a citizen and inhabitant of the state for three years preceding his election. The executive power is vested in a governor, who is chosen for 3 years, and is eligible for nine years in twelve. He must be thirty years of age, and have been a citizen and inhabitant of the state seven years before his election. All appointments not provided for by law, are made by the governor. The judiciary is composed of a supreme court, courts of oyer and terminer, common pleas, orphans' court, register's court, courts of quarter sessions for each county, justices of the peace and other courts, and the judges hold their offices during good behaviour. All freemen of 21 years of age, having resided in the state two years before the election, and paid a state or county tax, are entitled to vote.

Education and Manners.-The constitution states that the legislature shall by law provide for the establishment of schools throughout the state, so that the poor may be taught gratis; and that the arts and sciences may be promoted. There are a number of colleges and academies situated in the state, and common schools are pretty general. The mass of the people are pretty well informed, and the newspapers, these common vehicles of intelligence, are generally read throughout the state. It has been stated that agriculture is in a favourable situation, so also are the mechanic arts. Banking and speculation have been too widely diffused of late years, and became a substitute, to a great extent, for manufacturing industry. The evil is now in a state of correction, manufacturing industry is making rapid progress among the people, and there is a strong probability that Pennsylvania will soon become independent and happy from the use of its own resources and industry.

Boundaries.-North, Pennsylvania; east, the Delaware Bay and Atlantic Ocean; south and west, Maryland. Face of the Country.-The upper part of Delaware is undulating and variegated; the lower part is level, and exhibits little variety.

Rivers.-Brandywine and Christiana Creeks unite their waters a little below Wilmington, and fall into the Delaware River. Brandywine Creek rises by two branchas in Chester county, Pennsylvania, which unite about six miles above the Delaware line; the stream has a very rapid course, driving a vast quantity of machinery, during its progress through this state. Christiana Creek also rises by several branches in Chester county, which unite about five miles west from Wilmington; the creek is navigable to Christiana Bridge, thirteen miles.

The other principal streams are Appoquinnimink, Duck Creek, Jones's River, Motherkill Creek, Mispillion Creek, and Broadkiln Creek, falling into the Delaware; Indian River, falling into the Atlantic Ocean; and the head waters of Nanticoke River, Chester River, Bohemia River, and Back Creek, falling into the waters of Chesapeake Bay.

Geological Formation.-The upper part, principally above Christiana Creek, is of the primitive formation; the remainder is all alluvial.

Soil and Natural Productions.-Along the Delaware, and from eight to ten miles into the interior, the soil is generally a rich clay, producing large timber in great variety. To the westward, the soil is light and sandy. In

the southern parts the soil improves, and raises great quantities of grass.

Minerals.-Bog iron ore is found in Sussex. There appears to be no other mineral of importance.

Climate. The climate of the upper part is nearly assimilated to that of the south-east part of Pennsylvania. The lower part is nearly the same as that in the southern part of New-Jersey. Towards the sea the climate is humid and mild in winter, making an approach to the climate denominated warm.

Historical View.-In the historical view of Pennsylvania, it was stated that a colony of Swedes and Fins arrived in the Delaware in 1627, and these were the first settlers in this state. In 1631, Wilmington was laid out. In 1651, the Dutch built a fort at New Castle; and in 1655 the Swedes were obliged to submit to their authority. In 1664, the English took possession of the country; and William Penn, having received his patent for Pennsylvania in 1681, next year Delaware was annexed to that state; but was separated in 1701, and in 1703, the first separate assembly was convened; but it continued to have the same governor as Pennsylvania. The first houses were built at Wilmington in 1735. Delaware was eager to promote the cause of the British government, and contributed largely in men and money, during the French war which ended in the subjugation of Canada; but the attempt to tax the colonies without their consent roused them into resistance, and in 1665, deputies were sent to the colonial congress. In 1775 Richard Penn, the proprietary of Pennsylvania, resigned his jurisdiction, and next year a constitution was formed by the people. During the war of the Revolution, Delaware distinguished herself in the cause of independence, and suffered severely. In 1787, Delaware ratified the Constitution of