13 miles above Newport, and has considerable shipping trade. Population, 3197.

Warren is situated a few miles above Bristol, and is also a place of considerable trade. Population, 3139.

The other principal towns and villages are Pawtuxet, at the outlet of Pawtuxet River; East Greenwich, opposite to Bristol, on the west side of Narraganset Bay, and several villages in North and South Kingston, opposite to Newport.

Roads, Canals, and Public Improvements.-There are good turnpike roads extending from Providence to every part of the state. No canals have yet been made, but several are contemplated,* particularly one to connect Narraganset Bay with Boston Bay. A great many good bridges have been erected.

Government and Laws.-It has been already stated that the charter granted by Charles II. is the basis of the government of this state, and it has no written constitution. But the powers of government as exercised are pretty similar to those states already described, and are legislative, executive, and judiciary. The legislative power is exercised by a council and house of representatives, both elected annually by the people. The governor and deputy governor make part of the council, and there are ten others. The members of the house of representatives are elected by the several townships. The governor is elected annually by the people at large. The judiciary is composed of a supreme court, and county courts, and the judges are elected annually by the legislature. The legislature also elect annually all other executive officers. The charter is very liberal, and proclaims universal liberty of conscience, and it will be seen that the practical government under it

One to Worcester in Massachusetts is now making.

is very democratic. The people therefore seem to be well satisfied with things as they are, and lately refused, by a large majority, to call a convention for forming a new constitution.

Education and Manners.-Brown University, at Providence, is a flourishing institution; and there is a valuable public library at Newport. Academies have been established at the principal towns, and common schools are extending throughout the state. The people are very independent in their opinions, and have inviolably maintained that part of the charter which proclaims liberty of conscience. The manufacturing industry which has diffused itself so extensively through the state has proved of the greatest importance to the comfort, the order, and good conduct of the citizens, and there is every prospect that this pretty little state will continue to be a most valuable member of the Union to which it belongs.

Boundaries. On the north, Massachusetts; east, Rhode Island; south, Long Island Sound; west, New-York. Face of the Country.-The lower part, toward Long Island Sound, is undulating; and an agreeably uneven tract extends between New Haven and Hartford. The north-eastern part of the state is hilly and rocky, and in the north-west there are considerable mountains.

Mountains.-Considerable spurs of the Alleghany chain occupy the north-west part of the state, but they do not

rise to any great elevation. They present a variety of handsome scenery.

Rivers.-Connecticut, the principal river, has already been described. The principal tributary stream falling into it on the westward, is Farmington River. This stream rises in Massachusetts, and runs a south-east direction to Farmington. It then turns to the north-east, in which direction it runs for about 10 miles, and then turning to the eastward, it breaks through a mountain, and has a cataract of 150 feet; after which it runs a S. E. course, and falls into Connecticut River 6 miles above Hartford. Steam boats run from Hartford to New-York.

Thames River is situated in the eastern part of the state, and is composed of several streams, which rise in the interior of this state and Massachusetts, and unite at Norwich. From Norwich to the sound below New London, is 18 miles; and for this distance the tide rises, and the river is navigable. A steam boat runs between New London and Norwich to New-York.

Quinnipiack River is a small stream which rises in the interior of the state, and falls into New Haven Bay.

Housatonic River rises in the western part of Massachusetts, and passes into this state near the north-west corner. About 7 miles from the state line, there are falls 60 feet perpendicular. From thence the river runs a course west of south, for about 9 miles, approaching near the New-York state line; it then turns off in a south-east direction, and falls into Long Island Sound, 14 miles southwest of New Haven. It is navigable for brigs and sicops 12 miles to Darby. The Naugatuck River, rising near Farmington River, in the west part of the state, is a principal tributary.

Geological Formation.-A stripe of the oldest red sand stone formation, extends on each side of the Con

necticut River to below Hartford, and passes on to New Haven; and a spot of the same formation has been discovered on the Housatonic River. The remaining, and

by far the greater part of the state, is primitive.

Soil. The soil of a great part of the state is fertile, although there is a considerable portion, particularly in the eastern part, very stony. The interval land along the Connecticut River, and the land in the south-west, are excellent. The natural productions are ample, consisting of timber, grass, various fruits, fowl, and fish.

Minerals.-Iron, lead, copper, cobalt, antimony, marble, porcelain-clay, and freestone. Iron is found in great abundance, and marble abounds in several of the counties. Freestone is also plenty. The other minerals are not found extensively.

Climate.-Connecticut having been long settled, and well cultivated and drained, there are no exhalations to contaminate the air, which is very sweet and pure. Like Rhode Island, there is a variety in the climate: the northern part being of the coldest, and the southern part the middle. The seasons are in all respects similar to those of Rhode Island, and, from observations made in 1820, it appears that the temperature at New London is very similar to that at Newport.

Historical View.--Connecticut was first settled at Hartford, in the year 1633, and in 1638 a settlement was begun by another colony at New Haven. In 1639, the two colonies formed constitutions. In 1662, Charles II. granted a liberal charter to the state, and in 1665, the two colonies were united. In 1687, the charter was demanded from the state, but in 1692, William III. allowed it to be resumed. In 1701, Yale College was established and incorporated. In 1713, the boundary with Massachusetts was adjusted and settled, and in 1731, the boundary with

New-York was also finally settled. From this period until the time of making the attempt to tax the colonies without their consent, the people of Connecticut continued to be faithful adherents to the British government; partaking in all its wars. But the stamp and tea taxes roused them into resistance, and they became the most active opponents of the British government during the whole war of the revolution. In 1765, they sent deputies to Congress, and in 1775, they sent a considerable force to Boston. In 1777, the British sent a devastating force into the state, which did considerable mischief; but suffered severely from the militia, who valiantly opposed it. In 1779, a larger force was sent by the British, which plundered and burnt New Haven, Norwalk, and Fairfield. After the close of the war, Connecticut agreed to the Federal Constitution; but like Rhode Island, continued to act upon the old charter, until 1818. Shortly before the close of the war, Connecticut, in virtue of the said charter, laid claim to the lands of that part of Pennsylvania above the 41st degree of north latitude, and actually settled 17 townships in Luzerne county. The matter was referred to commissioners appointed by Congress, who decided in favour of Pennsylvania. Connecticut afterwards obtained all that part of the state of Ohio, from a little above the 41st parallel of latitude, to Lake Erie, and extending west to Sandusky Bay. In 1793, five hundred thousand acres of the western part of this tract were appropriated to indemnify the sufferers during the revolutionary war; and in 1795, the remainder was sold for $1,200,000, and the amount converted into a fund for the support of education.

Population. In 1790, the population was 237,946; in 1800, 251,002; in 1810, 261,942; and in 1820, 275,248, situated as in the following