Atlantic Ocean, below Portsmouth.

It is, during its whole progress, the boundary between New Hampshire and Maine.

Merrimac River rises in the White Mountains, and pursues a course about S. by E. for about 45 miles, when it receives the waters from Winnipiseogee; then continues the same course for about 50 miles, and passes into the state of Massachusetts, when, winding to the N. E. and running about 40 miles more, it falls into the Atlantic Ocean below Newburyport. There are a great many falls and mill seats upon the river, and considerable improvements have been made upon it by locks and canals.

Geological Formation.-The whole of New Hampshire is of the primitive formation.

Soil. The soil of New Hampshire is generally of a good quality. The bottom lands along the rivers and in the valleys are good for tillage, and the uplands for grazing.

Natural Productions.-Nearly the same as Maine, the principal being wood, grass, fruits, vegetables, wild animals, and fish.

Minerals.-Iron, lead, copper ores, and several kinds of ochres; sope rock, talc, crystals, alum, vitriol, free stone, and black lead.

Climate. The air is generally serene, and the country healthy. In summer the heat is often great, but of short duration; and the winters are often very severe, particularly among the mountains, and to the northward; but these mountains temper the air, and render the summers very agreeable. The cold weather sets in about the first of October, and continues till May; but the frosts are light in October and the early part of November. From December till March the frost is often intense, and the snow sometimes four feet thick. At Portsmouth, in 1820, the thermometer ranged from 70 to 94°; and the mean

heat of January was 21°, of July 610; and of the year 46o.

Historical View.-This country was first discovered in 1614; and in 1623 the first settlement was made at Piscataqua. In 1641 it was taken under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, from which it was separated in 1679, when it had a distinct government appointed. In 1690 the country re-united with Massachusetts, but they were separated by the British government in 1692. In 1727 a constitution was framed, and the boundary between the state and Massachusetts was adjusted in 1739. In 1765 the stamp act was vigorously opposed by the people, and in 1775 they took a decided part in the revolution, in which they persevered with great activity and courage. In 1792 the present constitution was framed. In 1755 the popu lation was about 34,000; in 1790 it was 141,885; in 1800 183,858, and in 1810, 214,460. The state is now divided into 6 counties, and 212 townships, and is settled according to the following

Agriculture and Produce.-The soil is generally pretty

fertile, and many of the districts well cultivated, the up

per country being pretty much devoted to grazing, and the low country to tillage. The principal products are Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, vegetables, fruit, beef, pork, butter, and cheese. The number of persons engaged in agriculture, in 1820, is stated in the census at 52,384.

Manufactures and Commerce.-In this state the people have always been very industrious, and a great deal of manufacturing has been performed in private families. But they have also had considerable manufactures upon a larger scale. In 1810 the manufactures were estimated at $8,135,000. Of late they have rapidly increased, and there are now more than 30 cotton and woollen manufactories in the state, some of them upon an extensive scale. There is also a glass manufactory, and several iron manufactories. The manufacturers are stated in the census of 1820, at 8699. The principal exports from the state are lumber, pot and pearl ashes, fish, cattle, beef, pork, and flax seed, and the value in 1821 was 261,000 dollars, of which $81,000 was foreign articles. The number of persons engaged in commerce was 1068.

Towns.-CONCORD is the seat of government, and is a thriving place, situated upon the west side of the Merrimac River, about 50 miles in a direct line from its outlet, and at the head of navigation. It is well situated for trade, and a great deal of the produce of the upper country passes from hence down the Merrimac and Middlesex canal to Boston. Population in 1820, 2838.

PORTSMOUTH is the largest town in the state, and has one of the best harbours in the United States; it therefore enjoys a considerable shipping trade. Population, 7,327.

Dover, north-west of Portsmouth, is the seat of justice

of Strafford county, and is a considerable manufacturing place. Population, 2871.

Exeter is situated 15 miles S. W. of Portsmouth, and has several considerable manufacturing establishments. Population, 2114.

Amherst is a post town, having a flourishing academy. Population, 1622.

Salisbury is a post town in Hillsborough county, fourteen miles N. W. of Concord, and is in a thriving state. Population, 2016.

Haverhill is situated on the east side of Connecticut River, and is a handsome town, containing 1609 inhabitants.

Hanover is situated on a beautiful plain, on the east side of Connecticut River, to the south of Haverhill, and contains 2222 inhabitants. Dartmouth College, at this place, is one of the most flourishing seminaries in the United States.

Walpole is situated on Connecticut River, at Bellows Falls, and contains 2020 inhabitants.

Keene is situated 14 miles S. E. of Walpole, and contains 1895 inhabitants.

Roads, Canals, and Public Improvements.-Turnpike roads have been made through the principal parts of the state. Two canals are made on Connecticut River, within this state, and several on the Merrimac. The public improvements in the state generally hold a very respectable rank.

Government and Laws.-The present constitution of this state was adopted in 1792, and is legislative, executive, and judiciary. The legislative power is exercised by a Senate and House of Representatives, the members of which are elected annually. A senator must have a freehold in his own right of 2001. value, and a represen

tative of 1001. The Senate consists of 13 members, elected by districts; and the House of Representatives consists of members from the different townships. Each town having 150 rateable polls, elects one member, and every additional 300 polls entitles it to another. The executive power is vested in a governor and council, chosen annually by the people, and each must have an estate worth 500l., one-half of it freehold. The judiciary is composed of a superior court; an inferior court in each county, and other courts. The judges hold their offices during good behaviour, or until they attain the age of 70 years. All male citizens of 21 years and upwards, are entitled to vote, excepting paupers and persons excused, at their own request, from paying taxes.

Education and Manners.-Laudable attention has been paid to the subject of education in this state, and the inhabitants are generally industrious and of good moral habits.

Boundaries.-On the north by Lower Canada; east by New Hampshire; south by Massachusetts; west by NewYork, from which it is separated in the northern part by Lake Champlain.

Face of the Country. This state is very mountainous and picturesque. The Green Mountains extend the whole length of the state, from south to north, with lesser ridges on each side, and these are interspersed with valleys, some of them very fertile. The principal mountains