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The spread of Mohammedan light Literature is followed by Heresy.-
The crushing of Heresy in the South of France by armed Force, the
Inquisition, mendicant Orders, auricular Confession, and Casuistry.
The rising Sentiment is embodied in Frederick II. in Sicily.-His
Conflict with and Overthrow by the Pope.-Spread of Mutiny among
the mendicant Orders.
Page 27
CHAPTER III.
THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST- -(Continued).
OVERTHROW OF THE ITALIAN SYSTEM BY THE COMBINED INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL
ATTACK.
Progress of Irreligion among the mendicant Orders.-Publication of
heretical Books.-The Everlasting Gospel and the Comment on the
Apocalypse.
Conflict between Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII.-Outrage upon
and death of the Pope.
The French King removes the Papacy from Rome to Avignon.-Post-
mortem Trial of the Pope for Atheism and Immorality.—Causes and
Consequences of the Atheism of the Pope.
The Templars fall into Infidelity.
Punishment.
-
Their Trial, Conviction, and
Immoralities of the Papal Court at Avignon.-Its return to Rome.-
Causes of the great Schism.—Disorganization of the Italian System.—
Decomposition of the Papacy.-Three Popes.
The Council of Constance attempts to convert the papal Autocracy into a
constitutional Monarchy.—It murders John Huss and Jerome of
Prague.-Pontificate of Nicolas V.-End of the intellectual influence
of the Italian System
77
CHAPTER IV.
THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST (Concluded).
EFFECT OF THE EASTERN OR MILITARY ATTACK.-GENERAL REVIEW OF THE AGE OF
FAITH.
The Fall of Constantinople.—Its momentary Effect on the Italian
System.
GENERAL REVIEW OF THE INTELLECTUAL CONDITION IN THE AGE OF
FAITH.-Supernaturalism and its Logic spread all over Europe.—It
is destroyed by the Jews and Arabians.—Its total Extinction.
The Jewish Physicians.—Their Acquirements and Influence.-Their
Collision with the Imposture-medicine of Europe.—Their Effect on
the higher Classes.—Opposition to them.
Two Impulses, the Intellectual and Moral, operating against the
Mediaval state of Things.-Downfall of the Italian System through the
intellectual Impulse from the West and the moral from the North.—
Action of the former through Astronomy.—Origin of the moral Impulse.
-Their conjoint irresistible Effect.-Discovery of the state of Affairs
in Italy.—The Writings of Machiavelli.—What the Church had
actually done.
Entire Movement of the Italian System determined from a consideration
of the four Revolts against it.
Page 105
CHAPTER V.
APPROACH OF THE AGE OF REASON IN EUROPE.
IT IS PRECEDED BY MARITIME DISCOVERY.
Consideration of the definite Epochs of Social Life.
Experimental Philosophy emerging in the Age of Faith.
The Age of Reason ushered in by Maritime Discovery and the rise of
European Criticism.
MARITIME DISCOVERY.-The three great Voyages.
COLUMBUS discovers America.-DE GAMA doubles the Cape and reaches
India.-MAGELLAN circumnavigates the Earth.-The Material and
intellectual Results of each of these Voyages.
DIGRESSION ON THE SOCIAL CONDITION OF AMERICA.-In isolated human
Societies the process of Thought and of Civilization is always the
same.-Man passes through a determinate succession of Ideas and
embodies them in determinate Institutions.-The state of Mexico and
Peru proves the influence of Law in the development of Man. 151
CHAPTER VL
IT IS PRECEDED BY THE RISE OF CRITICISM.
Restoration of Greek Literature and Philosophy in Italy.-Development
of Modern Languages and Rise of Criticism.-Imminent Danger to
Latin Ideas.
Invention of Printing.—It revolutionizes the Communication of Know-
ledge, especially acts on Public Worship, and renders the Pulpit
secondary.
THE REFORMATION.-Theory of Supererogation and Use of Indulgences.
-The Right of Individual Judgment asserted.-Political History of
the Origin, Culmination, and Check of the Reformation.-Its Effects
in Italy.
Causes of the Arrest of the Reformation.—Internal Causes in Protes-
tantism.-External in the Policy of Rome.-The Counter-Reformation.
-Inquisition.-Jesuits.-Secession of the great Critics.—Culmination
of the Reformation in America.-Emergence of Individual Liberty of
Thought.
Page 190
CHAPTER VIL
DIGRESSION ON THE CONDITION OF ENGLAND AT THE END OF THE AGE
OF FAITH.
RESULTS PRODUCED BY THE AGE OF FAITH.
Condition of England at the Suppression of the Monasteries.
Condition of England at the close of the seventeenth Century.-Locomo-
tion, Literature, Libraries.—Social and private Life of the Laity and
Clergy.—Brutality in the Administration of Law.— Profligacy of
Literature.-The Theatre, its three Phases.-Miracle, Moral, and
Real Plays.
Estimate of the Advance made in the Age of Faith.-Comparison with
that already made in the Age of Reason
229
CHAPTER VIIL
THE EUROPEAN AGE OF REASON.
REJECTION OF AUTHORITY AND TRADITION, AND ADOPTION OF SCIENTIFIC TRUTH.-
DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE POSITION OF THE EARTH IN THE UNIVERSE.
Ecclesiastical Attempt to enforce the GEOCENTRIO DOCTRINE that the
Earth is the Centre of the Universe, and the most important Body
in it.
The HELIOCENTRIO DOCTRINE that the Sun is the Centre of the Solar
System, and the Earth a small Planet, comes gradually into
Prominence.
Struggle between the Ecclesiastical and Astronomical Parties.—Activity
of the Inquisition.—Burning of BRUNO.-Imprisonment of GALILEO.
INVENTION OF THE TELESCOPE.-Complete Overthrow of the Ecclesiastical
Idea.-Rise of Physical Astronomy.-NEWTON.-Rapid and resistless
Development of all Branches of Natural Philosophy.
Final Establishment of the Doctrine that the Universe is under the Do-
minion of mathematical, and, therefore, necessary Laws.
Progress of Man from Anthropocentric Ideas to the Discovery of his
true Position and Insignificance in the Universe.
Page 252
CHAPTER IX,
THE EUROPEAN AGE OF REASON—(Continued).
LIISTORY OF THE EARTH.-HER SUCCESSIVE CHANGES IN THE COURSE OF TIME.
Oriental and Occidental Doctrines respecting the Earth in Time.-
Gradual Weakening of the latter by astronomical Facts, and the Rise
of Scientific Geology.
Impersonal Manner in which the Problem was eventually solved, chiefly
through Facts connerted with Heat.
Proofs of limitless Duration from inorganic Facts.—Igneous and Aqueous
Rocks.
Proofs of the same from organic Facts.—Successive Creations and Ex-
tinctions of living Forms, and their contemporaneous Distribution.
Erilences of a slowly declining Temperature, and, therefore, of a long
Time.-The Process of Events by Catastrophe and by Law.-Analogy
of Individual and Race Development.-Both are determined by
unchangeable Law.
Conclusion that the Plan of the Universe indicates a Multiplicity of
Worlds in infinite Space, and a Succession of Worlds in infinite
Time
Page 294
CHAPTER X.
THE EUROPEAN AGE OF REASON- —(Continued)
THE NATURE AND RELATIONS OF MAN.
Position of Man according to the Heliocentric and Geocentric Theories.
OF ANIMAL LIFE.-The transitory Nature of living Forms.-Relations
of Plants and Animals.—Animals are Aggregates of Matter expending
Force originally derived from the Sun.
THE ORGANIC SERIES.-Man a Member of it.-His Position determined
by Anatomical and Physiological Investigation of his Nervous System.—
Its triple Form Automatic, Instinctive, Intellectual.
The same progressive Development is seen in individual Man, in the
entire animal Series, and in the Life of the Globe.—They are all under
the Control of an eternal, universal, irresistible Law.
The Aim of Nature is intellectual Development, and human Institutions
must conform thereto.
Summary of the Investigation of the Position of Man.-Production of
Inorganic and Organic Forms by the Sun.-Nature of Animals and
their Series.—Analogies and Differences between them and Man.-The
Soul.-The World
337
CHAPTER XL
THE EUROPEAN AGE OF REASON- —Continued).
THE UNION OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY.
European Progress in the Acquisition of exact Knowledge.—Its Resem-
blance to that of Greece.
Discoveries respecting the Air.-Its mechanical and chemical Properties.
-Its Relation to Animals and Plants.-The Winds.-Meteorology.—
Sounds.-Acoustic Phenomena.