BOHN'S PHILOSOPHICAL LIBRARY

THE INTELLECTUAL

DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPE

G. BELL AND SONS, LTD. LONDON: PORTUGAL ST., KINGSWAY CAMBRIDGE: DEIGHTON, BELL AND CO. NEW YORK THE MACMILLAN CO. BOMBAY A. H. WHEELER AND CO.

A

HISTORY

OF THE

INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT

OF

EUROPE

BY

JOHN WILLIAM DRAPER, M.D., LL.D.

FORMERLY PROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK

66

AUTHOR OF A TREATISE ON HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY," THE HISTORY OF THE
CONFLICT BETWEEN RELIGION AND SCIENCE," ETC.

VOL. II.

LONDON:

G. BELL AND SONS, LTD.

1914.

[Reprinted from Stereotype plates.]

св

53

08

1914

2

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST. THE THREE ATTACKS: NORTHERN

OR MORAL; WESTERN OR INTELLECTUAL; EASTERN OR MILITARY.

THE NORTHERN OR MORAL ATTACK ON THE ITALIAN SYSTEM, AND ITS TEMPORARY

REPULSE.

Geographical Boundaries of Italian Christianity.—Attacks upon it.

The Northern or moral Attack.-The Emperor of Germany insists on a

reformation in the Papacy.-Gerbert, the representative of these Ideas,

is made Pope.-They are both poisoned by the Italians.

Commencement of the intellectual Rejection of the Italian System.—It

originates in the Arabian doctrine of the supremacy of Reason over

Authority. The question of Transubstantiation.—Rise and develop-

ment of Scholasticism.—Mutiny among the Monks.

Gregory VII. spontaneously accepts and enforces a Reform in the Church.

-Overcomes the Emperor of Germany.—Is on the point of establishing

a European Theocracy.-The Popes seize the military and monetary

Resources of Europe through the Crusades.

Page 1

CHAPTER II.

THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST―(Continued).

THE WESTERN OR INTELLECTUAL ATTACK ON THE ITALIAN SYSTEM.

The intellectual Condition of Christendom contrasted with that of

Arabian Spain.

Diffusion of Arabian intellectual Influences through France and Sicily

-Example of Saracen Science in Alhazen, and of Philosophy in

Algazzali.-Innocent III. prepares to combat these Influences.— Results

to Western Eurove of the Sack of Constantinople by the Catholics.