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The Declining Fortunes of Columbus; Difficulties in Fitting out an Expedition; Sails on his Third Voyage;
the Discovery of South America; Extraordinary Theory; Columbus arrives at Hayti; Disorders there;
the Rebellion of Roldan; Hostilities with the Indians-their Defeat,...
CHAPTER VIII.
63
Triumph of the Rebels; Columbus Ruined at Court; Appointment of Bobadilla-His Insolence; Colum-
bus sent to Spain in Chains; Sensation of the Nation; Verbal Redress; Appointment of Ovando;
Fourth and Last Voyage of Columbus to the New World; Destruction of his Enemies by Tempest;
His Cruise on the Coasts of Honduras, Costa Rica, &c., &c.; Search for a Strait; His Disappointment, 63
CHAPTER IX.
Disastrous Attempt to Found a Settlement; Hostilities with the Indians; the Vessels finally Stranded on
the Island of Jamaica; Extraordinary Device of Columbus; Mutiny of his Followers; Treachery of
Ovando; Rescue of the Crews; Atrocities committed on the Natives of Hayti; Return of Columbus to
Spain-His Treatment-His Death; Disposal of his Remains,.... 77
CHAPTER X.
Discovery and Survey of Cuba-its Conquest by Velasquez; Memorable Speech of an Indian; Founda-
tion of Havana, &c.; Conquest of Porto Rico by Ponce de Leon; Singular Experiment of a Cacique;
Final Subjugation of the Island; Discovery of Jamaica--its Humane Conquest by Juan de Esquivel ;
Subsequent Cruelties of the Spaniards; Account of Americus Vespucius,......
THE SETTLEMENT OF THE ISTHMUS AND DISCOVERY OF THE PACIFIC.
CHAPTER 1.
Disastrous Attempts to found a Settlement on the Isthmus; Vasco Nunez de Balboa; the Settlement of
Darien; Dealings with the Indians; Rumors of the South Sea; Expedition of Balboa; Contests
with the Indians; Discovery of the Pacific............
CHAPTER II.
The Return March; Appointment of Pedrarias Davilla-His Expedition-His Jealousy of Balboa; Misfor-
tunes of the Colony; Expedition of Morales and Pizarro; Reconciliation of Predrarias and Balboa;
Vessels conveyed Overland to the Pacific; Sudden Arrest, Trial, and Execution of Balboa,.....
CHAPTER III.
Fernando Magellan--His Voyage to the South-west; Winters at Port St. Julian; the Patagonians; Dis-
covery and Passage of the Straits of Magellan; Voyage through the Pacific to the Philippine Isles;
Rashness and Death of Magellan; the World Circumnavigated,........
.........
THE CONQUEST AND HISTORY OF MEXICO.
Irogress of Spanish Conquest; Discovery of Yucatan-of Mexico; Hernando Cortes-His Expedition;
Ascent of the Rio de Tabasco; Contests with the Indians; Arrival at San Juan de Ulua...
83
89
93
97
101
The Mexican Aborigines-their Origin and Appearance-their Government, Theology, Manners and
Customs,
105
The Emperor Montezuma; Landing of the Spaniards—their Negotiations with Montezuma-His impolicy:
Splendid Presents; Cortes Revolts against Velasquez-Forms an Alliance with the Totonacs-Destroys
their Idols-Sets forth for Mexico,....
110
CHAPTER IV.
The March toward Mexico; Spirited Resistance of the Tlascalans; Success of the Spaniards--their Dis-
couragements; Firmness of Cortes; Submission of the Tlascalans; Singular Change of Feeling; Du-
plicity of Cortes; His Zeal for Conversion,......
CHAPTER V.
Submission of Provinces; Cortes marches on Cholula; Plot Discovered Massacre of the Cholulans; the
March to Mexico Resumed; Weak Policy of Montezuma; the Entrance into Mexico; Interviews with
the Emperor-His Generosity and Affability,.......
CHAPTER VI.
115
....... 119
Description of the Ancient Capital of Tenochtitlan or Mexico; the Palaces of Montezuma; His Collec-
tions of Natural History; Superstition of the Spaniards; Hideous Scenes of Sacrifice; Reflections,... 124
Unprincipled Scheme of Cortes; His Treacherous Seizure of Montezuma; Burning of the Aztec
Chiefs; Outrage on the Emperor's Person; Frustrated Conspiracy of the Princes; the Caciques
swear Allegiance to the Spanish Crown; Affecting Scene; Great Tribute of Treasure; Rapacity of
Cortes,.. 128
Religious Zeal of Cortes; Discontent of the Mexicans; Dangerous Position of the Spaniards; Trans-
actions at the Court of Spain; Velasquez dispatches an Expedition against Cortes; Cortes marches
against Narvaez; Defeates and takes him Prisoner; His Politic Conduct after Victory; His Forces
greatly augmented,.........
CHAPTER IX
Massacre of the Caciques by Alvarado; the Garrison Besieged; Cortes returns to Mexico; His Anger and
Insolence; General Attack by the Aztecs; Desperate Conflict for many days; Montezuma addresses the
People; Disastrous Result; The Great Teocalli taken by Storm,..
Cortes prepares to leave the City; Death of Montezuma; The "Noche Triste," or Miserable Night; Great
Slaughter of Spaniards and Tlascalans on the Causeway of Tacuba; The Retreat to Tlascala; Battle
of Otumba, and Extraordinary Victory of the Spaniards,....
CHAPTER XI.
132
137
142
Fidelity of the Tlascalan Chiefs; Resolution of Cortes; the War renewed; Great Successes of the Span-
iards; Sagacious Policy of Cortes; He acquires a Great Force of Native Allies; Death of Cuitlahua,
and Accession of Guatemozin to the Aztec Throne; Cortes marches to the Valley of Mexico; Takes up
his Quarters at Tezcuce,....... 146
CHAPTER XII.
The Campaign against Mexico renewed; Iztapalapan and other Cities taken by Storm; Great Accessions
to the Power of Cortes; Brigantines transported overland from Tlascala; Many Battles with the
Aztecs-their Resolution; Cortes marches around the Lakes, and storms many Cities-Arrives at
Tacuba; Singular Display of Emotion,........
CHAPTER XIII.
Return to Tezcuco; Conspiracy against Cortes-His Extraordinary Policy and Self-command; Launching
of the Fleet; Execution of Xicotencat!; Defeat of a Great Mexican Flotilla by the Fleet; Mexico
Blockaded; Continual Assaults on the City; Courage and Obstinacy of the Combatants,.....
150
155
General Assault on the City; Artful Device of the Besieged; Defeat of the Spaniards-their Losses; Ter-
rible Particulars of the Sacrifice of Prisoners; the Great Drum; Discouragement and Defection of the
Allies-their Return; Gradual Destruction of the City,..... 159
CHAPTER XV.
Terrible Sufferings and Mortality of the Besieged; Obstinate Resistance of Guatemozin; Courage and
Fidelity of his People; Mexico taken by Storm; Fearful Massacre; Capture of Guatemozin; Reflec-
tions on the Conquest,...
CHAPTER XVI
The Torture of Guatemozin; Settlement of the Country; Fresh Enterprises; Offices and Titles conferred
on Cortes-His Ostentation-His Sagacious Policy; Great Extension of the Spanish Territory; the Re-
volt of Olid; Terrible March to Honduras; the Murder of Guatemozin
CHAPTER XVII.
Arrival at Honduras; Usurpation in Mexico; Obsequies and Masses performed for Cortes-His Return;
Suspicion of the Court; Cortes sails to Spain; Honors bestowed on him; Returns to Mexico; Expensive
Expeditions; Cortes again returns to Spain; Unsuccessful at Court; His Death; His Character; Fate
of the Conquerors,....
CHAPTER XVIII.
Condition of the Indians and the Spanish Colonists; National Pride; System of Government; Deproda-
tions of the Buccaneers; Public Works for the Protection of the Capital; Indian Revolts; Vera Cruz
seized by Agramont; Jesuits Expelled,.........
CHAPTER XIX.
Commencement of the First Revolution; Iturrigaray; Hidalgo; First Outbreak; Insurgents Defeated by
Calleja; Rayon and Morelos; Congress at Chilpanzingo; Declaration of Independence; Reverses of the
Patriots; Iturbide,...
164
168
172
176
181
Espousal of the Cause of Independence by Iturbide; Proclamation at Iguala; Union with the Revolution-
ary Party; Treaty with the Viceroy, and Surrender of the Capital; Dissensions; Iutrbide made Empe-
ror; His Overthrow and Death; Political Factions; Spanish Attempts at Reconquest,....
CHAPTER XXI.
Overthrow of Guerrero by Santa Anna and Bustamente; Tyrannical Proceedings during the Administration
of Santa Anna; Resistance in the Provinces of Zacatecas and Texas; the Texan War; Defeat of Santa
Anna; Difficulties with France; Civil War; Santa Anna Restored to Power; Revolt, headed by Pare-
des; Herrera President,
Annexation of Texas to the United States; Indignation of Mexico; Slidell's Commission; Preparations
against Texas; General Taylor's March to the Rio Grande; Commencement of Hostilities; War Declared;
Plan of the Mexican Campaign; Battle of Palo Alto-of Resaca de la Palma; Matamoras Occupied;
Return of Santa Anna to Mexico; Reduction of Monterey,...
CHAPTER XXIII.
Santa Anna's Change of Policy; General Scott's Plan of Campaign; Defeat of the Mexican Army at Buena
Vista; Mexican Politics; Capture of Vera Cruz; March into the Interior; Battle of Cerro Gordo; Occu-
pation of Puebla; Guerilla Warfare; Fruitless Negotiations; Advance on the Capital,...........................
CHAPTER XXIV.
Movements of Santa Anna; His Plans Thwarted by Valencia; Battle of Contreras; Seizure of San An-
tonio; Battle of Churubusco; Negotiations; Storming of the Molino del Rey and the Casa Mata-of
the Fortress of Chapultepec; Evacuation of the City; its Occupation by the American Forces; Final
Military Operations; Treaty at Guadalupe Hidalgo,....
CHAPTER XXV.
Summary of Naval Operations; Colonel Kearney's Proceedings in New Mexico; Events in California;
Union of Colonel Fremont with Commodore Stockton; Kearney's Arrival at San Diego; Campaign of
the Combined Forces; Disputes between the American Commanders; Colonel Doniphan's Services; Mex-
ico, since the Conclusion of Peace with the United States; Return of Santa Anna; Difficulties relating
to the Mesilla Valley,....
THE CONQUEST AND HISTORY OF PERU.
CHAPTER I.
The Capital of the Isthmus transferred to Panama; Account of Francisco Pizarro-His Confederates--His
First Voyage in Quest of Peru; Grievous Loss and Suffering; His Return; the Voyage of Almagro;
Extraordinary Contract of Pizarro, Almagro, and Luque,.......
Second Voyage of Pizarro and Almagro--their Sufferings; Fresh Discoveries; Return of Almagro; the
Island of Gallo; Resolution of Pizarro and Twelve Others--their Discovery of Peru-its Treasures;
Pizarro repairs to Spain; Grant of the Crown; Return of Pizarro with his Brothers; the Third Expedi
tion to Peru; Battle at Puna,..
The Aborigines of Peru; the Rule of the Incas; Reflections; Agricultural Labors; Llamas; Immense
Public Works; Warlike Operations; Public Records; Religion; Traditions: Early History; Condition
of the Race in Modern Times,......
Pizarro lands at Tumbez-Marches Southward, and founds San Miguel; Proceeds in Quest of the Inca;
Crosses the Andes; Friendly Messages; Arrival at Caxamalca; Interview with Atahuallpa; his Reserve;
Strength of the Peruvians,
Cruel and Audacious Scheme of Pizarro; the Visit of the Inca; Scene with the Friar, Valverde; Terrible
Massacre of the Peruvians; Seizure of the Inca; his Fortitude; Plunder of the City and Camp; Extra-
ordinary Offer of Ransom; the Murder of Huascar,.
185
190
193
198
203
209
213
216
221
227
230
....
The Expedition to Pachacamac; the Spoils of Cuzco; Division of Immense Treasure; the Atrocious Trial,
Sentence, and Murder of Atahuallpa; Hypocrisy of Pizarro; Reflections; Eventual Fate of the
Murderers,.....
231
Execution of Challeuchima; Indian Hostilities; Entrance of the Spaniards into Cuzco; More Treasure;
Inauguration of the Inca Manco Capac; Lima founded; Disputes between Almagro and the Pizarros;
Rising of the Indians; Siege of Cuzco; Massacre of the Spaniards; Civil War between the Spanish
Generals; Defeat and Execution of Almagro,......
Mission of Hernando; His Fate; Expedition of Gonzalo Pizarro; Discovery of and Voyage down the
Amazon; Terrible Sufferings; Conspiracy against Pizarro by the Partizans of Almagro; His Assassin-
ation; His Character, &c....
Vaca de Castro; Defeat of Young Almagro at Chupas; Blasco Nunez de Vela; Unpopular Decrees;
Rebellion, headed by Gonzalo Pizarro; Overthrow of the Viceroy,......
Forces raised by Nunez; His Flight Northward; Decisive Battle near Quito; Death of the Viceroy; Su-
premacy of Pizarro; Mission of Pedro de la Gasca; His Politic Proceedings; Battle of Huarina;
Pizarro at Cuzco,...
Cautious Movements of Gasca; His March to Cusco; Bloodless Victory at Xaquixaguana; Execution of
Carbajal and Pizarro; Wise Administration of Gasca; Subsequent Disorders; the Colonial System;
the Mita and Repartimiento; Insurrection in 1780,......
Commencement of the Revolution; Invasion by San Martin; Occupation of Lima; Independence Pro-
claimed; Reverses of the Patriots; Arrival of Bolivar in Peru,..............
Successes of the Royalists; Movements of the Patriot Army; Decisive Victory of Ayacucho; Siege of
Callao; Bolivar's Administration; Subsequent Condition of the Republic,.......
CHILI.
Expedition of Almagro; Commission of Pedro de Taldivia; St. Jago Founded; Battle with the Mapoch-
inians; Embassy of Miranda and Monroy; Destruction of the Quillotan Miners; Valdivia's March
Southward; the Araucanians,....
Battle at the Andalien; Invasion of Araucania; Foundation of the City of Valdivia; Election of Cau-
polican to the Office of Toqui; Indian Successes; Defeat and Death of Valdivia; Defeat of Villagran
by Lautaro; Destruction of the City of Conception,......
238
243
247
252
257
261
265
269
275
Mortality among the Indians; Disputes respecting the Viceroyalty; Second Destruction of Conception;
Lautaro's Expedition against Santiago; Don Garcia de Mendoza; Invasion of Araucania; Caupelican's
Discomfiture; Expedition to Chiloe,...
Caupolican the younger; Signal Successes of the Spaniards; Warlike Operations of Antiguenu-of Pail-
lamachu; Recovery of Araucania by the Natives; Peace Concluded in 1641,.....
285
Renewal of War; Peace of 1773; Present Condition of the Araucanians; the Revolution in Chili; the
Carreras; Reestablishment of Spanish Power; Intervention of San Martin; Civil Wars; Attempt of
Ramon Frerye; Rebellion under Vidaurre; Establishment of the Republic,....
Juan Ponce de Leon-His Voyage in Search of the Fountain of Youth; Discovery of Florida; His See
ond Expedition; His Death; Disastrous Attempts of Allyon and Narvaez; Hernando de Soto-Ap
pointed Governor of Cuba; His Expedition to Florida; March to the Interior; Contests with the In
dians,..
289
295
Delusive Report of an Indian; Disastrous March through the Interior; King Tuscaloosa-His State and
Haughtiness; His Secret Treachery; Great Battle at Mauvila; Conflagration of the Town, and Victo-
ry of the Spaniards; Mutinous Spirit of the Cavaliers; Despondency of De Soto; He resumes the
March,.......
De Soto Marches Westward; Losses from Indian Hostility; Reaches and Crosses the Mississippi,
Marches to Arkansas; Returns to the Mississippi; His Death and Burial; Fate of the Survivors; their
Voyage to Mexico,......
Early French Settlements; Bloody Contests between the Spanish and French Colonists; Spanish Mis-
sions; English Depredations and Colonization on the Coast; Invasions of Florida by Governor
Moore,........
The Yamasees; Invasion of Florida by Oglethorpe; Cession to Great Britain; Dr. Turnbull's Colony;
Recession to Spain; Invasion of East Florida from the United States; Acquisition of Florida by the
United States,..
SOUTH AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS.
COLOMBIA.
Loyalty of the Spanish Colonists; Arrogance and Tyranny of their Rulers; Causes of the Revolution;
The Establishment of Juntas; Massacre at Quito; the Junta of Caraccas in Venezuela; Commence-
ment of Hostilities; Declaration of Independence,....
The Affairs of New Granada; Expulsion of the Spaniards from Santa Fe and Quito; Dissensions of the
Republicans; Advantages of the Royalists-their Cruelty; the "Army of Death;" Fresh Massacre at
Quito; Alternate successes of the Patriots and Royalists; the Earthquake at Caraccas; its Effect;
Overthrow of the Liberals,.
299
302
306
311
316
319
Simon Bolivar-His Generous and Patriotic Spirit; His Successes against the Royalists; Assisted by New
Granada; He Re-enters Caraccas; "War to the Death;" the Servile Insurrection and War; Cruel
Deed of Bolivar; Battles with the Royalists; Renewed Prostration of the Republican Cause,........ 322
Restoration of Ferdinand; Extinction of Loyalty in the. Colonies; Tyrannical Policy of the King;
Spirited Conduct of the Congress of New Granada; Dissensions of the Republicans; Injudicious Con-
duct of Bolivar,..
Arrival of the Spanish Army, under Morillo; Terrible Blockade of Carthagena; Renewed Exertions of
the Patriots; Alternate Successes; Morillo conquers New Granada; Severities exercised on the Van-
quished; Marches into Venezuela; Successful Defense of Margarita by the Patriots,....
Attitude of Foreign Nations; British Volunteers; Campaign of Bolivar in New Granada; Brilliant Suc-
cesses; Defeat and Flight of the Royalists; Gratitude of the People; Union of the States of New Gra-
nada and Venezuela under the title of Colombia; Reverses and Successes of the Patriots ....
CHAPTER VII.
Revolution in Spain; Overtures of the Spanish Leaders; Resolution of the Patriots; the Armistice; the
War renewed; Humane Policy of Bolivar; Signal Victories of the Republicans; The Spaniards Com-
pletely Expelled from Columbia; Independence of that State acknowledged,....
BOLIVIA.
The Revolution in La Paz; a Junta established; the City taken by the Royalists-their Cruelties; the
Patriot Army marches from Buenos Ayres-its Success and Subsequent Defeat; Second Attempt at Rev-
olution; Massacres in Cochabamba and Potosi; Second Expedition from Buenos Ayres-its Discomfit-
ure Guerilla Warfare; Bolivia Emancipated by the Victory of Ayacucho,.....
325
328
332
335
339