PROGRESSION ON AND IN THE WATER.

Swimming of the Fish, Whale, Porpoise, etc.,

Swimming of the Seal, Sea-Bear, and Walrus,

Swimming of Man,

Swimming of the Turtle, Triton, Crocodile, etc.,

Flight under water,

Difference between sub-aquatic and aërial flight,

Flight of the Flying-fish; the kite-like action of the wings,

PAGE

66

74

78

89

90

92

98

Weight, momentum and power to a certain extent synonymous

in flight,

114

Air-cells in insects and birds not necessary to flight,

The wing area decreases as the size and weight of the volant

Wings, their form, etc. All wings screws, structurally and

The wing, during its action, reverses its planes, and describes

a figure-of-8 track in space,

140

The wing, when advancing with the body, describes a looped

and waved track,

143

The margins of the wing, thrown into opposite curves during

extension and flexion,

146

The tip of the bat and bird's wing describes an ellipse,

147

The wing capable of change of form in all its parts,

147

The wing during its vibration produces a cross pulsation,

Compound rotation of the wing,

148

149

The wing vibrates unequally with reference to a given line,

Points wherein the screws formed by the wings differ from

150

those in common use,

151

The wing at all times thoroughly under control,

The natural wing when elevated and depressed must move for-

wards,.

The wing ascends when the body descends, and vice versâ,

The wing acts upon yielding fulcra,

The wing acts as a true kite both during the down and up

strokes,

Where the kite formed by the wing differs from the boy's kite,

The angles formed by the wing during its vibrations, .

The body and wings move in opposite curves, .

PAGE

154

156

159

165

165

166

.

167

168

THE WINGS OF INSECTS, BATS, AND BIRDS.

Elytra or wing cases and membranous wings; their shape and

uses,

THE WINGS OF BATS.

The bones of the wing of the bat; the spiral configuration of

their articular surfaces,

170

176

THE WINGS OF BIRDS.

The bones of the wing of the bird; their articular surfaces,

movements, etc.,

Traces of design in the wing of the bird; the arrangement of

.

the primary, secondary, and tertiary feathers, etc.,

178

180

The wing of the bird not always opened up to the same extent

in the up stroke,

182

Flexion of the wing necessary to the flight of birds,

Consideration of the forces which propel the wings of insects, .

Speed attained by insects,

183

186

188

Consideration of the forces which propel the wings of bats and

Lax condition of the shoulder-joint in bats and birds,

The wing flexed and partly elevated by the action of elastic

ligaments; the nature and position of said ligaments in

the Pheasant, Snipe, Crested Crane, Swan, etc.,

190

191

Reasons why the effective stroke should be delivered down-

wards and forwards,

195

The wing acts as an elevator, propeller, and sustainer, both

during extension and flexion,

197

Flight divisible into four kinds,

The flight of the Albatross compared to the movements of a

compass set upon gimbals,

199

The regular and irregular in flight,

201

Mode of ascending, descending, turning, etc.,

The flight of birds referable to muscular exertion and weight,

Lifting capacity of birds,

201

204

205

The Author's views; his method of constructing and applying

artificial wings, as contra-distinguished from that of Borelli,

Chabrier, Durckheim, and Marey,

235

The wave wing of the Author,

236

How to construct an artificial wave wing on the insect type,

240

How to construct a wave wing which shall evade the super-

As to the nature of the forces required for propelling artificial

wings,

246

Necessity for supplying the roots of artificial wings with elastic

structures in imitation of the muscles and elastic ligaments

of flying animals,

PAGE

247

The artificial wave wing can be driven at any speed—it can

make its own currents or utilize existing ones,

Compound rotation of the artificial wave wing. The different

parts of the wing travel at different speeds,

251

252

How the wave wing creates currents and rises upon them, and

how the air assists in elevating the wing,

253

The artificial wing propelled at various degrees of speed during

the down and up strokes, .

255

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

The Engravings are, with few exceptions, from Photographs, Drawings, and Designs by Mr. Charles Berjeau and the Author. Such as are not original are duly acknowledged.

FRONTISPIECE.

In the clutch of the enemy---(The Graphic).
The three orders of lever-(Bishop),

The skeleton of a Deer-(Pander and D'Alton),
Muscular cycle in the act of flexing the arm,

Screws formed by the bones of the wing of the bird, the bones of
the anterior extremity of the Elephant, and the cast of the
interior of the left ventricle of the heart, .

The muscular system of the Horse-(Bagg),

30

The feet of the Deer, Ornithorhynchus, Otter, Frog, and Seal,.
The Red-throated Dragon,

34

35

The Flying Lemur,

35

The Bat,

36

Chillingham Bull with extremities describing figure-of-8 movements,

37

Double waved tracks described by Man in walking,

39

Horse in the act of trotting,

41

Footprints of the Horse in the walk, trot, and gallop--(Gamgee),

43

The positions assumed by the extremities and feet in walking