BOLOGNA

a time successful. In 1849 the Austrians obtained possession of it. In 1860 it was annexed to the dominions of King Victor Emmanuel. Pop. 103,998.-The province of BOLOGNA, formerly included in the papal territories, forms a rich and beautiful tract; area 1390 sq. miles; pop. 484,135.

Bologna, GIOVANNI (prop. Jean Boulogne), sculptor and architect, born at Douay 1524, studied at Rome, and passed most of his life at Florence, where he died in 1608. Chief works: a marble Rape of the Sabines, and a bronze Mercury.

Bologna phial, a small flask of unannealed glass, which flies into pieces when its surface is scratched by a hard body, Bologna stone, a name for a variety of heavy-spar or sulphate of barytes.

Bolom'eter, a most sensitive electrical instrument invented by Langley in 1883 for the measurement of radiant heat.

Bolor-Tagh, also BILAUR, or BELUT TAGH, a mountain range formerly imagined to exist in Central Asia between Eastern and Western Turkestan as the axis of the continent. At that point, however, there is really a lofty table-land called the Pamir.

Bolse'na (ancient Volsinii, one of the twelve Etruscan cities), a walled town, Italy, province of Rome, on the N. side of a lake of the same name. The district yields a good wine. Pop. 2100.--The lake (ancient Lacus Volsiniensis) is 9 miles long, 7 miles broad, and 1000 feet above sea-level, and is well stocked with fish.

Bolsward (bol'svärd), an old town of Holland, province of Friesland, at the junction of several canals, and having one of the largest and finest parish churches in Friesland. Pop. 5939.

Bolton, or BOLTON-LE-MOORS, a large manufacturing town and municipal and parliamentary borough of Lancashire, England, lying 10 miles N.W. from Manchester, and consisting mainly of two divisions, Great Bolton and Little Bolton, separated from each other by the river Croal. The town, which is of considerable antiquity, received its charter in 1256, and became a manufacturing town as early as 1337, when there was an immigration of Flemings; but its main growth has been of comparatively recent date, and in large part due to the inventions of its sometime residents Arkwright and Crompton. In manufacturing industries it is now surpassed by few places in Britain, and it contains some of the largest and finest cotton-mills in the world;

BOMBARDIER.

the yarns spun being generally fine, and a great variety of fancy goods being produced, besides plain calicoes; while bleaching is also largely carried on. There are large engineering works, besides collieries, paper-mills, foundries, chemical works, &c. Among the public buildings are one of the finest market-halls in England; a mechanics' institution, a noble building in the Romanesque style; the Chadwick Museum; and a townhall, in the Grecian style, with a tower 220 feet high, fronting the spacious marketsquare. The free grammar-school of the town, founded in 1641, has two university exhibitions of £60 a year each. The Bolton Free Public Library, opened in 1853, contains about 50,000 vols. There are two parks and three recreation grounds. Bolton returns two members to parliament. Pop. 115,002

Bolt-ropes, ropes used to strengthen the sails of a ship, the edges of the sails being sewn to them.. Those on the sides are called leech-ropes, the others head and foot ropes.

Bo'lus, a soft round mass of some medicinal substance larger than a pill, intended to be swallowed at once.

Boma, a trading station on the right bank of the lower Congo, and seat of government of the Congo State.

Bomarsund', a Russian fortress on the Aland Islands at the entrance of the Gulf of Bothnia, bombarded and forced to capitulate to the allied French and English in 1854 during the Crimean war, and then destroyed.

Bomb (bom), a large, hollow iron ball or shell, filled with explosive material and fired from a mortar. The charge in the bomb is exploded by means of a fuse filled with pow der and other inflammable materials, which are ignited by the discharge of the mortar. Conical shells shot from rifled cannon have largely supplanted the older bomb. use of bombs and mortars is said to have been invented in the middle of the 15th century.

The

Bomba, a nickname given to Ferdinand II. of Naples, on account of his bombard

ment of Messina in 1848.

Bom'bard, a kind of cannon or mortar formerly in use, generally loaded with stone instead of iron balls. Hence the term bombardier.

Bombardier (-der'), an artillery soldier whose special duties are connected with the loading and firing of shells, grenades, &c., from mortars or howitzers. See Bombard.

- BOMBAY.

of the largest and safest in India, and there. are commodious docks. There is a large traffic with steam-vessels between Bombay and Great Britain, and regular steam communication with China, Australia, Singapore, Mauritius, &c. The island of Bombay, which is about 11 miles long and 3 miles broad, was formerly liable to be overflowed by the sea, to prevent which substantial walls and embankments have been constructed. The harbour is protected by formidable rock-batteries. After Madras, Bombay is the oldest of the British posses-" sions in the East, having been ceded by the Portuguese in 1661. Pop. 821,769.

Bombay', one of the three presidencies of British India, between lat. 14° and 29° N., and lon. 66 and 77° E. It stretches along the west of the Indian peninsula, and is irregular in its outline and surface, presenting mountainous tracts, low barren hills, valleys, and high table-lands. It is divided into a northern, a central, and a southern division, the Sind division, and the town and island of Bombay. The northern division contains the districts of Ahmedabad, Kaira, Panch Mahals, Broach, Surat, Thana, Kolába; the Central Khandesh, Nasik, Ahmednagar, Poona,

execution.

Bombasin. See Bombazine.

Bombax. See Silk-cotton Tree.

Bombay' (Portuguese 'good harbour'), chief seaport on the west coast of India, and capital of the presidency of the same name, stands at the southern extremity of the island of Bombay, and is divided into two portions, one known as the Fort, and formerly surrounded with fortifications, on a narrow point of land with the harbour on the east side and Back Bay on the west; the other known as the City, a little to the north-west. In the Fort are Bombay Castle, the government offices, and almost all the merchants' warehouses and offices; but most of the European residents live outside of the mercantile and native quarters of the town in villas or bungalows. Bombay has many handsome buildings, both public and private, as the cathedral, the university, the secretariat, the new high court, the post and telegraph offices, &c. Various industries, such as dyeing, tanning, and metal working, are carried on, and there are large cotton factories. The commerce is very extensive, exports and imports of merchandise reaching a total value of over £60,000,000 annually. The harbour is one

BOMBAZINE

including the city and territory of Aden in Arabia, 70 sq. miles (pop. 44,079. The native or feudatory states connected with the presidency (the chief being Kathiawar) have an area of 69,045 sq. m. and a pop. of 8,059,298. The Portuguese possessions Goa, Damán, and Diu geographically belong to it. Many parts, the valleys in particular, are fertile and highly cultivated; other districts are being gradually developed by the construction of roads and railroads. The southern portions are well supplied with moisture, but great part of Sind is the most arid portion of India. The climate varies, being unhealthy in the capital Bombay and its vicinity, but at other places, such as Poonah, very favorable to Europeans, In 1896-97-98 the bubonic pestilence broke out and destroyed thousands of the natives. The chief productions of the soil are cotton, rice, millet, wheat, barley, dates, and the cocoa-palm. The manufactures are cotton, silk, leather, &c. The great export is cotton. In 1892 the imports were 367,765,560 rupees; exports, 433,071,130rupees. The administration is in the hands of a governor and council. The revenue and expenditure each amount to about £10,000,000 annually. The chief source of revenue is the land, which is largely held on the ryotwar system. Bombazine (-zen') is a mixed tissue of silk and worsted, the first forming the warp and the second the weft. It is fine and light in the make, and may be of any colour, though black is now most in use.

Bomb-ketch, a kind of vessel formerly built for the use of mortars at sea in a bombardment. Bomb-ketches were usually of 100 to 150 tons burden, about 70 feet long, and had two masts. They were built very strong to sustain the violent shock produced by the discharge of the mortars, of which they generally carried two.

Bomb-shell. See Shell.

Bom'byx, the genus of moths to which the silk-worm moth (B. mori) belongs.

Bona, seaport and fortified city of Algeria, with manufactures of burnooses, tapestry, and saddles, and a considerable trade. Pop. 22,000.

Bona Fides, BONA FIDE (fi'dez, fi'de; Lat. 'good faith,' 'in good faith'), a term derived from the Roman jurists, implying the absence of all fraud or unfair dealing. A bona fide traveller in England and Scotland is one who actually travels three miles or more from home on Sunday and is therefore legally entitled to demand and obtain

BONAPARTE.

alcoholic refreshments at a hotel. In the law of Scotland a bona fide possessor is a person who holds property upon a title which he honestly believes to be good.

Bonan'za (Sp. 'fair weather,' 'a favouring wind'), a term applied in the United States to an abundance of precious metal or rich ore in a mine.

Bonaparte (bon'a-pärt), the French form which the great Napoleon was the first to give to the original Italian name Buonaparte, borne by his family in Corsica. As early as the 12th and 13th centuries there were families of this name in Northern Italy, members of which reached some distinction as governors of cities (podestà), envoys, &c. But the connection between the Corsican Bonapartes and these Italian families is not clearly established, though probably the former descended from a Genoese branch of the family, which transplanted itself about the beginning of the 16th century to Corsica, an island then under the jurisdiction of Genoa. From that time the Buonapartes ranked as a distinguished patrician family of Ajaccio. About the middle of the 18th century there remained three male representatives of this family at Ajaccio, viz. the archdeacon Luciano Bonaparte, his brother Napoleon, and the nephew of both, Carlo, the father of the Emperor Napoleon I. Carlo or Charles Buonaparte, born 1746, studied law at Pisa University, and on Iris return to Corsica married Letizia Ramolino. He fought under Paoli for the independence of Corsica, but when further resistance was useless he went over to the side of the French, and was included by Louis XV. amongst the 400 Corsican families who were to have rights in France as noble. In 1777 he went to Paris, where he resided for several years, procuring a free admission for his second son Napoleon to the military school of Brienne. He died in 1785 at Montpellier. By his marriage with Letizia Ramolino he left eight children: Giuseppe, or Joseph (see below), king of Spain; Napoleon I., emperor of the French (see Napoleon I.); Lucien (see below), prince of Canino; Maria Anna, afterwards called Élise, princess of Lucca and Piombino, and wife of Prince Bacciocchi (see Bacciocchi); Luigi, or Louis (see below), king of Holland; Carlotta, afterwards named Marie Pauline, princess Borghese (see Borghese); Annunciata, afterwards called Caroline, wife of Murat (see Murat), king of Naples; and Girolamo, or Jerome (see below), king of Westphalia.

Bonaparte, JEROME, youngest brother of Napoleon I., was born at Ajaccio in 1784, and at an early age entered the French navy as a midshipman. In 1801 he was sent out on an expedition to the West Indies, but the vessel being chased by English cruisers, was obliged to put in to New York. During his sojourn in America Jerome Bonaparte became acquainted with Miss Elizabeth Patterson, the daughter of the president of the Bank of Baltimore, and though still a minor, married her in spite of the protests of the French consul on 24th December, 1803. The emperor, his brother, whose ambitious views were thwarted by this marriage, after an ineffectual application to Pope Pius VII. to have it dissolved, issued a decree declaring it to be null and void. After considerable services both in the army and navy, in 1807 he was created King of Westphalia, and married Catherine Sophia, princess of Würtemberg. His government was not wise or prudent, and his extravagance and his brother's increasing exactions nearly brought the state to financial ruin. The battle of Leipzig put an end to Jerome's reign, and he was obliged to take flight to Paris. He remained faithful to his brother through all the events that followed till the final overthrow at Waterloo. After that, under the title of the Comte de Montfort, he resided in different cities of Europe, but latterly chiefly at Florence. After the election of his nephew, Louis Napoleon, to the presidentship of the French Republic, in 1848, he became successively governorgeneral of Les Invalides, a marshal of France, and president of the senate. He died in 1860. From his union with Miss Patterson only one son proceeded, Jerome, who was brought up in America, and married a lady of that country, by whom he had a son, who served as an officer in the French army during the Crimean war. The offspring of this marriage has not, however, been recognized as legitimate by the French tribunals. Of Jerome Bonaparte's second marriage two children remain, Prince Napoleon Joseph, who assumed the name of Jerome, and the Princess Mathilde. From the marriage of Prince Napoleon, well known by the nickname 'Plon-Plon,' with Clotilde, daughter of King Victor Emmanuel of Italy, were born three children-Victor (born 18th July, 1862), Louis, and Marie, the first of whom since the death of Napoleon III.'s son, the Prince Imperial, is generally recognized by the

Bonapartist party as the heir to the traditions of the dynasty. Both had to leave France in 1886, a law being passed expelling pretenders to the French throne and their eldest sons.

Bonaparte, JOSEPH, the eldest brother of Napoleon I., was born in Corsica in 1768, educated in France at the College of Autun, returned to Corsica in 1785, on his father's death, studied law, and in 1792 became a member of the new administration of Corsica under Paoli. In 1793 he emigrated to Marseilles, and married the daughter of a wealthy banker named Clari. In 1796, with the rise of his brother to fame after the brilliant campaign of Italy, Joseph began a varied diplomatic and military career. At length, in 1806, Napoleon, having himself assumed the imperial title in 1804, made Joseph King of Naples, and two years afterwards transferred him to Madrid as King of Spain. His position here, entirely dependent on the support of French armies, became almost intolerable. He was twice driven from his capital by the approach of hostile armies, and the third time, in 1813, he fled, not to return. After Waterloo he went to the United States, and lived for a time near Philadelphia, assuming the title of Count de Survilliers. He subsequently came to England, finally repaired to Italy, and died at Florence in 1844.

Bonaparte, LETIZIA RAMOLINO, the mother of Napoleon I., and, after Napoleon's assumption of the imperial crown, dignified with the title of Madame Mère, was born at Ajaccio in 1750, and was married in 1767 to Charles Buonaparte. She was a woman of much beauty, intellect, and force of character. Left a widow in 1785, she resided in Corsica till her son became first consul, when an establishment was assigned to her at Paris. On the fall of Napoleon she retired to Rome, where she died in 1836.

Bonaparte, LOUIS, second younger brother of the Emperor Napoleon I., and father of Napoleon III., was born in Corsica in 1778. He was educated in the artillery school at Chalons, accompanied Napoleon to Italy and Egypt, and subsequently rose to the rank of a brigadier-general. In 1802 he married Hortense Beauharnais, Josephine's daughter, and in 1806 was compelled by his brother to accept, very reluctantly, the Dutch crown. He exerted himself in promoting the welfare of his new subjects, and resisted as far as in him lay the tyrannical inter

BONAPARTE

ference and arbitrary procedure of France; but disagreeing with his brother in regard to some measures of the latter, he abdicated in 1810 and retired to Gratz under the title of the Count of St. Leu. He died at Leghorn in 1846. He was the author of several works which show considerable literary ability.

Bonaparte, LUCIEN, Prince of Canino, next younger brother of Napoleon I., was born at Ajaccio in 1775. He emigrated to Marseilles in 1793, and having been appointed to a situation in the commissariat at the small town of St. Maximin in Provence, he married the innkeeper's daughter. Here he distinguished himself as a republican orator and politician, and was so active on this side that after Robespierre's fall he was in some danger of suffering as a partisan. His brother's influence, however, operated in his favour, and in 1798 we find him settled in Paris and a member of the newly-elected Council of Five Hundred. Shortly after Napoleon's return from Egypt in 1799 he was elected President of the Council, in which position he contributed greatly to the fall of the Directory and the establishment of his brother's power, on the famous 18th Brumaire (9th Nov.). Next year, as Napoleon began to develop his system of military despotism, Lucien, who still held to his republican principles and candidly expressed his disapproval of his brother's conduct, fell into disfavour and was sent out of the way as ambassador to Spain. Eventually, when Napoleon had the consulate declared hereditary, Lucien withdrew to Italy, settling finally at Rome, where he devoted himself to the arts and sciences, and lived in apparent indifference to the growth of his brother's power. In vain Napoleon offered him the crown, first of Italy and then of Spain; but he came to France and exerted himself on his brother's behalf, both before and after Waterloo. Returning to Italy, he spent the rest of his life in literary and scientific researches, dying in 1840. Pope Pius VII. made him Prince of Canino. He was the author of several works, amongst which are two long poems. His eldest son, Charles Lucien Laurent Bonaparte, born in 1803, achieved a considerable reputation as a naturalist, chiefly in ornithology. He published a continuation of Wilson's Ornithology; Iconografia della Fauna Italica; Conspectus Generum Avium, &c. He died in 1857. Another son, Pierre (1815-81) led an unsettled and disreputable life, and be

BONDU.

came notorious in 1870 by killing, in his own house at Paris, the journalist Victor Noir, who had brought him a challenge. He got off on the plea of self-defence, but had to leave France.

Bonas'sus, a species of wild ox, the aurochs.

Bonaventure, ST., otherwise John of Fidanza, one of the most renowned scholastic philosophers, was born in 1221 in the Papal States; became in 1243 a Franciscan monk; in 1253 teacher of theology at Paris, where he had studied, in 1256 general of his order, which he ruled with a prudent mixture of gentleness and firmness. In 1273 Gregory X. made him a cardinal, and he died in 1274 while papal legate at the Council of Lyons. He was canonized in 1482 by Sixtus IV. His writings are elevated in thought and full of a fine mysticism, a combination which procured him the name of Doctor Seraphicus. He wrote on all the philosophical and theological topics of the time with authority, but best, perhaps, on those that touch the heart and imagination. Among his writings are Itinerarium Mentis in Deum; Reductio Artium in Theologiam; Centiloquium; and Breviloquium.

Bond, an obligation in writing to pay a sum of money, or to do or not to do some particular thing specified in the bond. The person who gives the bond is called the obligor, the person receiving the bond is called the obligee. A bond stipulating either to do something wrong in itself or forbidden by law, or to omit the doing of something which is a duty, is void. No person who cannot legally enter into a contract, such as an infant or a lunatic, can become an obligor, though such a person may become an obligee. No particular form of words is essential to the validity of a bond. A common form of bond is that on which money is lent to some company or corporation, and by which the borrowers are bound to pay the lender a certain rate of interest for the money. Goods liable to customs or excise duties are said to be in bond when they are temporarily placed in vaults or warehouses under a bond by the importer or owner that they will not be removed till the duty is paid on them. Such warehouses are called bonded warehouses (stores, &c.).

Bondage. See Villenage.
Bonded Goods. See Bond.

Bondu, Bondou (bon'dö), a country of Senegambia, West Africa, the centre being