patron of learning. Commentaries on the Pentateuch, and some biographies of saints, are ascribed to him. He died, 965, at Rheims.

Brunonian Theory (in medicine). See Brown, John, M.D.

Brunswick (German, Braunschweig), a duchy and sovereign state in the north-west of Germany, area 1425 sq. m. It is divided into several detached portions, surrounded by the Prussian provinces of Hanover, Saxony, and Westphalia. A good portion of it is hilly or undulating, and it partly belongs to the Harz mountain system. Mining is carried on chiefly in the Harz, and the minerals include iron, lead, copper, brown coal, &c. About half the surface is arable, and the chief cultivated products are grain, flax, hops, tobacco, potatoes, and fruit. Brew ing, distilling, the manufacture of linens, woollens, and leather, the preparation of paper, soap, tobacco, beet-sugar, with agriculture and mining, afford the principal employment of the people. As a state of the German Empire it sends two members to the Bundesrath, and three deputies to the Reichstag. In its internal government it is a constitutional monarchy. On the death of the Duke of Brunswick without issue in 1884 the Duke of Cumberland claimed the succession. Bismarck, however, interfered, and the Brunswick diet decided to place the duchy under a regent--Prince Albrecht of Prussia being elected to the post. The estimated revenue and expenditure for 1892-93 were each 13,010,000 marks; the debt being 27,885,588 marks. Pop. 403,773, mostly Lutherans by religion. (See Brunswick, Family of.) BRUNSWICK, the capital, is situated on the Oker, and on the railway from Hanover to Berlin. The older streets are narrow, tortuous, and antiquated. The principal buildings of note are the ducal palace, the cathedral of St. Blaise (1173), St. Catherine's Church (dating from 1172), and St. Magnus's (1031), the Gewandhaus, and the fine old Gothic Council House. The educational institutions include the polytechnic school, a gymnasium, &c., and there are a city museum, a ducal museum, and a public library. The principal manufactures are wool, linen, jute, machinery, sewing-machines, &c. Pop. 1890, 100,288.

--

Brunswick, the seat of Glynn county, Ga., centre of lumber district. Pop.9081. Brunswick, a town of Maine, United States, on the Androscoggin, 26 miles N.E. of Portland, At Bowdoin College, in this

BRUNSWICK.

town, Hawthorne and Longfellow graduated in 1825, and the latter filled the chair of modern languages for several years. Pop.

6806.

Brunswick, FAMILY OF, a distinguished family founded by Albert Azo II., Marquis of Reggio and Modena, a descendant, by the female line, of Charlemagne. In 1047 he married Cunigunda, heiress of the Counts of Altorf, thus uniting the two houses of Este and Guelph. From his son, Guelph, who was created Duke of Bavaria in 1071, and married Judith of Flanders, a descendant of Alfred of England, descended Henry the Proud, who succeeded in 1125, and by marriage acquired Brunswick and Saxony. Otho, the great-grandson of Henry by a younger branch of his family, was the first who bore the title of Duke of Brunswick (1235). By the two sons of Ernest of Zell, who became duke in 1532, the family was divided into the two branches of BrunswickWolfenbüttel (II.) and Brunswick-Hanover, from the latter of which comes the present royal family of Britain. The former was the German family in possession of the duchy of Brunswick until the death of the last duke in 1884. George Louis, son of Ernest Augustus and Sophia, granddaughter of James I. of England, succeeded his father as Elector of Hanover in 1698, and was called to the throne of Great Britain in 1714 as George I.

Brunswick, FERDINAND, DUKE OF, fourth son of Duke Ferdinand Albert, was born at Brunswick 1721. In 1739 he entered the Prussian service, was engaged in the Silesian wars, and in the Seven Years' War commanded the allied army in Westphalia. He drove the French from Lower Saxony, Hesse, and Westphalia, and was victorious at Crefeld and Minden. After the peace he retired to Brunswick, and died in 1792.

Brunswick, FRIEDRICH WILHELM, DUKE OF, fourth and youngest son of Duke Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand of Brunswick; born in 1771. During the war against France, in 1792 and subsequently, he fought in the Prussian armies, was twice wounded, and once made prisoner with Blücher at Lubeck. For the campaign of 1809 he raised a free corps in Bohemia, but was compelled to embark his troops for England, where he was received with enthusiasm. His corps immediately entered the British service, and was afterwards employed in Portugal and Spain, the parliament granting him a pension of £6000, until he returned to his hereditary domin

BRUNSWICK

ions, 1813. The events of 1815 called him again to arms, and he fell at Quatre Bras, 1815. Caroline, wife of George IV., was a sister of this prince.

Brunswick, KARL WILHELM Ferdinand, DUKE OF, born in 1735; entered upon the government in 1780. He received the chief command of the Austrian and Prussian army against France in 1792, and designed to press forward from Lorraine to Paris, but, after taking Longwy and Verdun, was baffled in Champagne by Dumouriez, defeated at Valmy by Kellerman, and obliged to evacuate the province. In 1793 the duke, in conjunction with the Austrians, opened the campaign on the upper Rhine, took Königstein and Mentz, and prepared to attack Landau. After a long struggle with varying success the Austrian lines were broken by Pichegru, and the duke was obliged to follow their retreat across the Rhine. At Auerstadt he was mortally wounded in 1806. Brunswick, NEW. See New Brunswick. Brunswick Black, a varnish composed chiefly of lamp-black and turpentine, and applied to cast-iron goods. Asphalt and oil of turpentine are also ingredients in some kinds of it.

Brunswick Green, commonly a carbonate of copper mixed with chalk or lime.

Brusa, BROUSSA (bro'sȧ), or BURSA, a Turkish city in Asia Minor, south of the Sea of Marmora, about 20 miles distant from its port Mudania, with a pop. of about 70,000 Turks, Greeks, Armenians, and Jews, engaged in commerce, and the manufacture of satins, silk stuffs, carpets, gauze, &c. The town is situated in a fertile plain, which is inclosed by the ridges of Olympus, and abounds in hot springs. Brusa represents the ancient Prusa, long capital of Bithynia, and one of the most flourishing towns in the Greek empire of Constantinople. It was the residence of the Turkish sovereigns from 1329 until the transference of the seat of empire to Adrianople in 1365.

Brush, a well-known implement used for various purposes. There are two chief varieties, those with stiff hair or fibres, and those with flexible. The former are made of hogs' bristles, whalebone fibres, vegetable fibres of various kinds (brush-grass, palms, &c.), and sometimes wire is made to serve the same purpose. The latter are made of hogs' bristles, or of the hair of the camel, badger, squirrel, sable, goat, &c., and are chiefly used for painting, the smallest kinds being called pencils.

Brus'sels (Flemish, Brussel; French, Bruxelles), the capital of Belgium and of the province of Brabant, is situated on the small river Senne, which is not navigable, but serves as a canal-feeder. The city consists of a north-western or lower portion and a south-eastern or upper portion. The older part is surrounded with fine boulevards on the site of its fortifications, and in many places presents a congeries of twisted streets. The upper town, which is partly inside the boulevards and partly outside, is the finest part of the city, and contains the king's palace, the palace of the chambers, the palace of justice (a magnificent new building of colossal proportions in the classical style, ranking among the finest in Europe), the palace of the fine arts, the public library and museum, &c.; and has also a fine park of 17 acres, around which most of the principal buildings are situated. The lower town retains much of its ancient appearance. The hôtel de ville (1401-55) is an imposing Gothic structure, with a spire 364 ft. in height, the square in front of it being perhaps the most pictorial of all the public places of Brussels. The cathedral of Saint Gudule (dating in part from the 13th century) is the finest of many fine churches, richly adorned with sculptures and paintings. The whole town is rich in monuments and works of art. The institutions comprise a university, an academy of science and the fine arts and polytechnic school; one of the finest observatories in Europe; a conservatorium of music; a public library, containing 400,000 volumes and 30,000 MSS.; a picture-gallery, with the finest specimens of Flemish art; and many learned societies and educational organizations. The manufactures and trade are greatly promoted by canal communications with Charleroi, Mechlin, Antwerp, and the ocean, and by the net-work of Belgian railways. The industries are varied and important. Lace was an ancient manufacture, and is still of great importance; the manufacture of cotton and woollen fabrics, paper, carriages, and many minor manufac

tures are carried on. There are breweries, distilleries, sugar-refineries, foundries, &c. The language spoken by the upper classes is French, and Flemish is that of the lower; but German, Dutch, and English are also a good deal spoken.-During the middle ages Brussels did not attain great importance. It was walled by Baldric of Louvain in 1041; was more completely fortified in 1380; and was twice burned and once ravaged by the plague during the 15th century. It was bombarded and burned by the French in 1695; and was again taken by the French in 1794, and retained till 1814, when it became the chief town of the department of the Dyle. From 1815 to 1830 it was one of the capitals of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and in 1830 was the chief centre of the revolt which separated Belgium from Holland. Population, 482,268.

Brussels Carpet.

See Carpet.

Brussels Sprouts, one of the cultivated varieties of cabbage (Brassica olerācea), having an elongated stem 4 or 5 feet high, with small clustering green heals like miniature cabbages. They are cultivated in great quantities near Brussels.

Brutus, or BRUTE, the first king of Britain; a purely mythical personage, said to have been the son of Sylvius, and grandson of Ascanius, the son of Æneas. He landed in Devonshire, destroyed the giants then inhabiting Albion, and called the island from his own name. At his death the island was divided among his sons: Locrine, Cumber, and Albanact.

Brutus, DECIMUS JUNIUS, served under Julius Cæsar in Gaul, and was afterwards commander of his fleet, but, like his relative, Marcus Junius Brutus, joined in the assassination of Cæsar. He was afterwards for a short time successful in opposing Antony, but was deserted by his soldiers in Gaul and betrayed into the hands of his opponent, who put him to death in B.C. 43.

Brutus, LUCIUS JUNIUS, ancient Roman hero, son of Marcus Junius by the daughter of the elder Tarquin. He saved his life from the persecutions of Tarquin the Proud by feigning himself insane, whence his name Brutus (stupid). On the suicide of Lucretia (see Lucretia), however, he threw off the mask, and headed the revolt against the Tarquins. Having secured their banishment, he proposed to abolish the regal dignity and introduce a free government, with the result that he was elected to the con

BRUYERE.

sulship, in which capacity he condemned his own sons to death for conspiring to restore the monarchy. He fell in battle B.C. 509.

Brutus, MARCUS JUNIUS, a distinguished Roman, born B.C. 85; was at first an enemy of Pompey, but joined him on the outbreak of civil war until the battle of Pharsalia. He then surrendered to Cæsar, who made him in the following year governor of Cisalpine Gaul, and afterwards of Macedonia. He soon, however, joined the conspiracy

Marcus Junius Brutus.-Antique Bust.

against Casar, and by his influence ensured its success. After the assassination he took refuge in the East, made himself master of Greece and Macedonia, and with a powerful army joined Cassius in the subjugation of the Lycians and Rhodians. In the meantime the triumvirs, Octavianus, Antony, and Lepidus, had been successful at Rome, and were prepared to encounter the army of the conspirators, which, crossing the Hellespont, assembled at Philippi in Macedonia. sius appears to have been beaten at once by Antony; and Brutus, though temporarily successful against Octavianus, was totally defeated twenty days later. He escaped with a few friends; but, seeing that his cause was hopelessly ruined, fell upon the sword held for him by his confidant Strato, and died (B.C. 42).

Cas

Brüx (brúks), a town of Bohemia, on the Biela, in the neighbourhood of which are extensive coal-fields, and the famous mineral springs of Seidlitz and Püllna. Pop. 9995.

Bruyère (bru-yar), JEAN DE LA, a French writer, born at Paris in 1645. He purchased the place of treasurer at Caen; but a short

time after, through the influence of Bossuet, he was employed in the education of the Duke of Bourbon, grandson of the great Condé, with a pension of 3000 livres, and was attached to his person during the remainder of his life. In 1688 he published a translation of the Characters of Theophrastus into French.

Bryan, WILLIAM JENNINGS, lawyer and journalist, born at Salem, Ill., March 19, 1860. He graduated at Illinois College, Jacksonville, Ill., 1881; studied law in Chicago, from thence returned to, and practiced at, Jacksonville, married there and, 1887, removed to Lincoln, Neb. Was a delegate to the Democratic State Convention, 1888; declined the nomination for Lieut.-Gov., 1889; 1890 elected as a Democrat to Congress; re-elected 1892 and became a champion of 'Free Silver;' became editor of Omaha World-Herald. In 1896 was nominated for the presidency by Democratic and People's party, but was defeated. He was again nominated in 1900, and again suffered defeat. When in Congress he was known as the boy orator of the Platte.' In both campaigns for the presidency he drew enormous audiences. In January, 1901, he began the publication of the Commoner.

Bry'ant, WILLIAM CULLEN, an American poet and journalist, born in Cummington, Mass., in 1794. At ten years of age he published translations from Latin poets; at thirteen wrote The Embargo; and at eigh teen the Thanatopsis. In 1815 he was admitted to the bar, and practised with success till 1825, when he established the New York Review. In 1826 he became assistant editor of the Evening Post, a leading organ of the New York Democrats, of which he was long chief editor. His poems, first collected in 1832, took rank as the best America had up to that time produced. In 1842 he issued The Fountain and other poems; and a new edition of his poems in 1858 was followed by metrical translations of the Iliad in 1869 and of the Odyssey in 1871. His Letters of a Traveller record his visits to Europe in 1834 and subsequently. He died in 1878.

Bry'ony (Bryonia), a genus of plants, nat. order Cucurbitaceae (gourds). The only British species, the Common Bryony (B. dioica), a climbing plant common in hedges, has cordate palmate leaves and axillary bunches of flowers, and red berries which are highly poisonous. The thick long fleshy

root has acrid emetic and purgative properties, and has been used medicinally. Other species, one found in N. America, are known. The so-called Black Bryony (Tamus communis) belongs to a different natural order, the Dioscoreaceæ or yams. It has cordate undivided leaves, greenish flowers, red berries, and a black fleshy root.

Bryozo'a (Gr. bryon, moss, and zōon, an animal), a name formerly given to the Polyzoa, from their moss-like appearance.

Brzesc-Litowski. See Brest-Litowski, Buansu'ah (Cyon primavus), a wild dog of Northern India, supposed by some to be the original type of the dog tribe.

Bu baline Antelope (Bubalis mauretanica), an ox-like antelope of N. Africa, of a yellowish-brown colour, with horns at first pointing forward and outward, and then turning backward. It inhabits the desert tracts.

Bu balus, the genus to which the buffalo belongs.

Bubas'tis, an ancient Egyptian town, so named from the goddess Bast, supposed to answer to the Greek Artemis or Diana. The cat was sacred to her, and the Bubasteia or festivals of the goddess were the largest and most important of the Egyptian festivals.

Bubo, an inflammatory swelling of a lymphatic gland, usually occurring in the groin, but also elsewhere.

Bubo, a genus of owls, including the great horned or eagle owl (B. maximus), and the Virginian horned owl (B. virginianus).

Buccaneers', a name derived from Carib boucan, a place for smoking meat, first given to European settlers in Hayti or Hispaniola, whose business was to hunt wild cattle and swine and smoke their flesh. In an extended sense it was applied to English and French adventurers, mostly seafaring people, who, combining for mutual defence against the arrogant pretensions of the Spaniards to the dominion of the whole of America, frequented the W. Indies in the 17th century, acquired predatory and lawless habits, and became ultimately, in many cases, little better than pirates. The earliest association of these adventurers began about 1625, but they afterwards became much more formidable, and continued to be a terror until the opening of the 18th century, inflicting heavy losses upon the shipping trade of Spain, and even attacking large towns. Among their chief leaders were Montbars (Il exterminador), Peter the Great of Dieppe, L'Olonnas, de Busco, Van Horn,