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cess seemed opened beyond one side of the cell, and each spectral eye turning with a sidelong glance towards it, drew mine the same direction by an uncontrollable fascination. Still appearing to gaze determinedly upon them, I had power, as I dreamed, to obey their impulse simultaneously, and to perceive a dreadful figure, black, bony, and skull-headed, with similar terrific eyes, whom they seemed to hail as their minister of cruelty, while with slow and silent paces, it drew near to clasp me in its hideous arms. Closer and closer it advanced,-but, thanks and praise to the all-gracious Fower that stills the tempests of the soul!the limit of suffering was reached, and the force of terror was exhausted. My nerves, so long weak, and prone to agitation, were recovered, by the overviolence of their momentum,-and, instead of losing reason in the shock, or waking in the extremity of fear,the vision was suddenly changed, the scenery of horror melted into light, and a calm and joyful serenity took possession of my bosom. My animal powers must have been nearly worn out, for long-long I slept in this delightful tranquillity,-and when I wakened, it was, for the first time of my life, in a peaceful and healthy state of mind, unfettered, and released for ever from all that had enfeebled and debased my nature. I had passed in that celestial sleep from death to life, from the dreams of weakness, and lapses of insanity, to the full use and animation of my faculties,-and I felt as if a cemented load had broken and crumbled off my soul, and left me fearless and serene. I was never happy,I was never worthy the stile of Man till then; and, as I lay, I faultered out my thanks in ecstasy to Heaven, for all that had befallen me.

My limbs were numbed by the cold and damp of the floor on which I had been lying; but, rising from it, a new being in all that is essential to existence, I entered the passage, and walked briskly up and down, to recover the play and vigour of my frame. I found the thigh-bone on the ground where I had dropped it, and no longer tortured by the fears that were gone for ever, replaced it quietly in its former situation. I kept near the entrance of the cell, that the first guide who descended might not miss me; and it could not be more than two hours, before Jerome, whose hair stood on end

when he heard where I had passed the night, came down with an early party of visitors, and freed me from my dungeon.-There was no straggling among the company for that day.

You well know, my dear friend, what have been my habits and employments since that night; and I could summon you with confidence, to give your testimony, that few persons are now less slaves of superstitious terror than myself. By a strange and singular anomaly of circumstances, the wild fancies I had imbibed in the free air of my native hills, and among the cheerful scenes of romantic nature, I unlearned in the dreary catacombs of Paris. If I still am fanciful, you will not charge me with extravagance; if I still have sensibility, I trust it does not verge on weakness;-and, as I have proved my personal courage on more than a single trial, I may be allowed to smile, when I hear in future some boisterous relater of my narrative condemn me for a coward. E. Place R, Sept. 1818.

SELECTIONS FROM ATHENAEUS.

No II.

"HOMER," adds our author, " considered temperance as the virtue which best becomes young men, and from which they were likely to draw the greatest benefit. He therefore never fails to inspire them with the love of it, in order to rouse them to the performance of great and good actions, to excite a desire of excellence, and that species of benevolence which leads to mutual kind and good offices. He constantly represents his heroes as satisfied with the simplest food, dressed in the plainest manner, knowing that a luxurious table led only to sensuality and voluptuousness, and to awaken and set in motion the rebellious passions; whereas frugality and temperance produced good order and moderation in every situation of life. He therefore furnishes all with the same kind of food, to kings and private citizens, to old and young, without variation or preference, always roasted meat, generally beef; at public and private entertainments, at weddings and other festivals, still the same simple fare."

"When Ajax had fought singly against Hector, Agamemnon, as an honourable reward, treats him with a

chine of beef. To old Nestor and Phoenix he likewise presents plain roasted meat. Even Alcinous, who led a voluptuous life, is supplied by the poet with the same plain meals." "The suitors of Penelope, riotous and extravagant as they were, are not represented by Homer as feasting up on fish, or fowls, or delicate pastry. The poet, with great art, avoids those kind of dainties, which, according to Menander, serve only to excite the unruly passions of sensuality and concupiscence. Priam even reproaches his sons for eating things contrary to law, as lambs and kids; for Philochorus reports, that lambs being scarce in Attica, the magistrates of Athens did not allow them to be killed till they had been shorn."

"Nothing can be more simple than the diet and habits of the gods, nectar and ambrosia: no incense, no perfume, no crowns, and mankind only offer to them in sacrifice the firstlings of their flocks."

"After they had satisfied their appetites, they rose from table, and retired to practise athletic games ;-such as wrestling, throwing the disk, and exercising with the lance;-thus in their very sports preparing themselves for more serious action. Some attended to the minstrels who accompanied the harp, singing the noble deeds and warlike achievements of their ancient heroes. Nor is it to be wondered at, that men thus educated, had both their minds and bodies at all times ready for immediate exertion."

"To shew that a temperate use of wine contributed to health, fortified the body, and rendered the mind more equal to all emergencies, Homer makes Nestor come to the assistance of Machaon, the physician of the Greeks, who was wounded in the right shoulder. He gives him wine, as a preservative against inflammation; Pramnian wine too, which we know to be glutinous and nourishing, not to allay thirst, but to strengthen the body. He therefore advises him to use it often. "Sit," said he, “drink, scrape cheese made of goat's milk into the wine, and then eat an onion to create a still greater desire to drink*."

I do not see how this example illustrates the position, unless it be considered that the habitual temperance of Machaon gave more efficacy to the wine taken medisinally.

Though in another place the poet says, that wine (taken to excess, I presume) enervates and lessens the bodily strength."

"Hecuba, in the same poet, supposing that Hector would spend the remainder of the day at Troy, invites him to drink, to unbend his mind, and to be merry, after the usual libations. Hector refuses; she continues importunate; he leaves her, to go to the field of battle. After some time he returns out of breath, she again invites him to make the usual libations, and to refresh himself with wine: but he, covered with blood, alleges, that it would be the height of impiety for him to comply with her wishes, in that condition."

"Homer well knew the good and salutary qualities of wine taken in moderation, but justly inveighs against the intemperate use of it."

"In the simplicity of ancient manners, he represents the women, and even young girls, as bathing and washing the guests. This was not looked upon as indecent or improper; it neither excited nor encouraged wanton or loose desires; it was sanctioned by usage: and thus the daughters of Cocalus* wash Minos when he arrived in Sicily."

"To censure drunkenness more pointedly, he (Homer) represents the giant Cyclops, when intoxicated, as easily overcome by a very little man.

The companions of Ulysses likewise, are changed into wolves and lions by Circe, because they had abandoned themselves to voluptuousness. Ulysses is preserved, as he prudently attended to the advice of Mercury; but Elpenor, who had drunk to excess, precipitates himself from the top of the palace, and is killed."+

"When the Greeks re-embarked, Homer informs us, that they were intoxicated, and consequently seditious

Vide Ovid's Metam, b. viii. p. 261. Homer is particularly recommended for the morality of his poems, in epist. i. book 2. epist. ad Lollium Horace. Qui, quid sit pulchrum, quid turpe, quid utile, quid non Plenius ac melius Chrysippo et Crantore dicit.

Sirenûm voces, et Circes pocula nosti;
Quæ si cum sociis stultas cupidusque bibisset
Sub dominâ meretrice fuisset, turpis, et ex-

cors :

Vixisset canis immundus, vel amica lute

sus

and disobedient, which led to their ruin. He tells us, elsewhere, that Eneas, one of the most sensible of the Trojans, being in that state, began to boast of his valour, and to deride the Greeks; when exposing himself to the impetuosity of Achilles, he had well nigh paid for it with his life."

6

"Hemer makes Agamemnon ingenuously confess, that he had erred, and brought upon himself his misfortunes, by pernicious judgment, or because he was intoxicated, or made insane by the anger of the gods.'

"Thus putting drunkenness and madness upon the same level; for so the passage is read by Dioscorides, the disciple of Isocrates."

"Amongst other reproaches which Achilles makes to Agamemnon, he calls him drunkard, and as having dog's eyes."

σε Οινοβαρες, κυνος όμματ' έχων. Αμ "Philemon mentions, that the antients made four meals, angarioμov, the breakfast; 150, the dinner; ixigua, the collation, or lunchion; and, divov, the supper.+

"In Homer, the guests eat sitting. Some critics have supposed that each had his particular table, because a well-polished table is placed for Mentor when he came to visit Telemachus, all the other tables being already occupied. Such a conclusion is by no means warranted by the passage, as it may be inferred, that Mentor, or Minerva, ate at the same table with Telemachus."

"Bread was handed about to the guests in baskets."§

"The supper was usually divided into as many portions as there were guests; and, for this reason, it had the name of teas, or equal, given to it, from the equality of the portions. These repasts were likewise called

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dairai, from darida to divide; for, in fact, every thing was distributed in portions, even the wine. Upon these occasions the cook was called dags, because, after having dressed the supper, he divided it into equal portions."

"The guests in Homer never take away with them what remains of the entertainment, it being left with the person who gives the repast. This the female servant takes charge of, and locks up, that if an unexpected guest should arrive, there may be something ready to lay before him."

The

"Homer allows that the people of his time ate birds and fish. companions of Ulysses, when in Sicily, took birds, and likewise fish, with hooks. These hooks were not fabricated in Sicily, but brought with them in their ships. This shows that they understood the art of fishing, and employed themselves in it. The poet compares the companions of Ulysses, who were taken by Scylla, to fish taken with a long line, and drawn out of the water. Homer, indeed, speaks of the art of fishing with more knowledge than many authors who had written poems and treatises expressly on the subject."

"Homer says, that before each guest was placed κανιον και τραπεζα, και as, a basket, a table, and a cup.

"An extraordinary distinction was paid to particular persons. Diomede had a greater quantity of food, and more cups to drink out of. Ajax had a chine of beef entirely to himself; which, according to the simplicity of the times, was a dish reserved for kings."

66

They had also a peculiar manner of drinking to each other. Ulysses drank to Achilles, presenting the cup to him with his right hand. It was likewise customary for the guests to send certain portions from the table. Thus Ulysses sends a part of the chine of beef to Demodocus."

"Musicians and dancers usually attended great entertainments. These musicians were men of some consideration and consequence. Agamemnon left one of them with his wife, Clytemnestra, when he went to the siege of Troy, to protect and advise her. Men of this sort, by reciting the praises of virtuous women, excited a desire to imitate good examples; and at times, by holding out an innocent amusement to the mind, excluded evil

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thoughts from possessing it. Thus Egisthus was not able to corrupt the virtue of Clytemnestra till he had removed from her this faithful guardian."

"Equally respectable was the musician whom the suitors of Penelope obliged to sing at their repasts, notwithstanding the imprecations he uttered against them. For this reason, says Homer, the Muses particularly honoured the minstrels, and bestowed on them the talent of music."

"Demodocus sung to the Pheacians the amours of Mars and Venus; not as approving of such irregularities; but, knowing them to be a voluptuous people, he wished, by exposing the consequences of viccs so like their own, to inspire them with the love of virtue, and to turn them from the immoderate pursuit and gratification of their licentious passions."

"Phemius sung to the suitors of Penelope the return of the Greeks."

"The Sirens sung to Ulysses what they knew would give him the greatest pleasure; and, by increasing his knowledge, excite in his mind a desire to excel, and to obtain glory.”

"The dances that are mentioned by Homer, are those of the tumblers, and others performed with a ball, the invention of which is ascribed by Agallis of Corcyra, to Nausicaa, in honour of a princess of her country. Dicæarchus, however, gives the invention to the Sicyonians, and Hippasus to the Lacedemonians, who certainly excelled in this exercise. Nausicaa is the only one among the heroines of Homer, who had any skill in this dance with the ball.

"The game of ball, which used to be called panda, now takes the name of agrasov*. It is of all others that which is the most agreeable to me, from the violence of the exercise, and the skill and agility necessary to prevent missing the ball; as likewise, that from the continual exertion of the muscles of the neck, it contributes greatly to strengthen that part of the bodyt."

Αρπασον genus pila grandius φαινιδα genus ludendi pila a φαινω ostendo.

The game which Galen extols so much, under the name of the small ball, qaga, bears a great resemblance to tennis. Hygiene, by Hallé, from Encyclopedie Methodique.

It

They who played at this game were particularly careful that all their motions should be attended with a graceful display of their persons. is thus described by Demoxenus: "A youth of Cos, of about seventeen years, Display'd his skill at tennis, (for this isle Produces youth like gods, and such he seem'd.)

First eyeing the spectators, he began ;
And whether he receiv'd, or serv'd the ball,

Twas follow'd by a general shout. In all
He said or did, there was such polish'd

grace,

Such perfect harmony of voice and action, That I ne'er saw or heard of such perfection. The more I gaz'd, the more I was delighted, And the remembrance of it charms me still."

"The philosopher Ctesibius, of Chalcedon, was an elegant performer at this game. Many of the courtiers of Antigonus were much pleased to exercise themselves with him. Timocrates, the Lacedemonian, composed a treatise on the subject.”

The author proceeds to give some account of the Thracian and Persian modes of dancing.

"After supper, when the guests were about to depart, they made libations to Mercury; and not, as at a subsequent period, to Jupiter, síos, or the all-perfect. This honour was paid to Mercury, because he was said to preside over sleep. They likewise made libations over the tongues, which were burnt out of respect to him, when they rose from table. Tongues were sacred to him, as the interpreter of the gods."

"The custom of using a variety of food was known to Homer; and the magnificence which distinguishes the present times was almost exceeded. The palace of Menelaus was very splendid. Polybius describes the palace of the king of Iberia, of great extent and sumptuous grandeur, as he imitated the splendid luxury of the Pheacians. In the middle of it were placed vessels of gold and silver, filled with a wine made of barley. In de

Demoxenus was an Athenian born, and seems to have been a voluminous writer. He was the author of a play called Heautontimorumenos, or the Self-tormentor.

Demoxenus pocta comicus, cum ait mox de Co insula, eius γαρ φαίνεθ' ή νῆσος φέρειν, videtur deos appellare homines Coos, qui virtute sua colun sibi aperuerunt. Sic propter Bacchum et Herculem dictæ olim Theba es igav.—Casauboni Animad. in Athen. p. 24.

scribing the palace of Calypso, Homer represents Mercury as astonished at its magnificence."

"Speaking of the Pheacians, Homer

says,

The friendly banquet, and the cheerful harp,

Are ever theirs——”

"The suitors being 108, they placed the same number of pieces, equally divided, in opposition to each other, leaving a space between them. In this interval was placed another piece, which was called Penelope, or the queen. To obtain this, was the great object of the contest. They drew lots who should If any

"Eratosthenes reads thus the fol- have the first throw or move. lowing passage in Homer:

"In my opinion, life has not to boast

A greater bliss, than when, reclin'd at ease, And free from worldly cares, the guests are charm'd

With the sweet warblings of the poet's lyre."

« In the text he has κακοτητες απουσης; all malice or wickedness apart: but the word here means only excess or extravagance of any kind; as the Pheacians, according to Nausicratus, were greatly beloved by the gods, and could not be otherwise than sober and discreet."

"The suitors of Penelope entertain themselves by playing at a game (somewhat similar to chess) before the court of the palace. They were certainly not instructed in this by Diodorus of Megolopolis, the capital of Arcadia, nor Leo of Mitylene, originally of Athens, who, according to Phanias, was not to be conquered at this game."

"Appian of Alexandria says, that Cteso of Ithaca had informed him particularly of the game which was played by the suitors, which he thus de scribes :

Clarke has the following note on this reading of Eratosthenes, κακοτητος άπούσης μου κατα δήμον απανα : " Eratosthenes apud Athenæum, l. i. c. 14, legendum vult ZEROTATES «Rovens, sed malè, uti notant Barnesius et Casaubonus in Annotationibus ad hunc Athenæi locum."

Pope (for he was the translator of this book) omits the music, and gives the passage in a very tame insipid manner, thus: "How goodly seems it ever to employ Man's social days in union and in joy, The plenteous board high heap'd with cates divine,

And o'er the foaming bowl, the laughing wine."

Cowper, more in the spirit of Homer, gives it thus:

"The world, in my account, no sight affords More gratifying, than a people blest With cheerfulness and peace; a palace throng'd

With guests in order rang'd, listening to

sounds Melodious."

one struck the queen, so as to remove her, his piece was to take the place which she had occupied, and she continued in that to which she had been driven. He then launches a second piece; and if he strikes her again, without touching any of the other pieces, he wins the game; and from this circumstance conceives the hope of obtaining Penelope."

Eurymachus, who had often conquered his rivals at this game, flattered himself that he should succeed in the marriage. The suitors were in general so enervated by luxurious habits, that none of them had strength to bend the bow of Ulysses. Their very slaves were equally weak and effeminate."

"Homer was not unacquainted with the luxury of soft beds. Arete orders such a one to be prepared for Ulysses: and Nestor, speaking to Telemachus, boasts of the number he possessed."

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Eschylus is censured for the indelicacy of his descriptions, in representing the Greeks in such a state of intoxication, as to throw urinals at each other.'

Sophocles, in the banquet of the Greeks, exceeds the filthiness of Æschylus on this subject.

By a fragment of Eupolis, Palamedes appears to have been the inventor of urinals.

"When the chiefs in Homer are Achilles and Ulysses dispute, they still entertained by Agamemnon, though preserve a certain decorum, and are guilty of no breach of good manners. The object of their contention was useful. It was to determine whether Troy should be taken by open force or by stratagem. Even the suitors of Penelope, though they are represented

Fuit ille Græcorum sanè quàm turpis et defædus mos quem tangit auctor hisce verbis, ws και τας εμίδας αλληλοις, δε Aderant illis convivantibus, inter alia instrumenta perditi luxus, etiam matulæ, has sæpe, ubi incaluissent, in capita invicem sibi illidebant. Casauboni Animad. in leum, p. 26.

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