without mercy But Weatherford had nothing to fear from them: they carefully avoided meeting, and when any by accident or necessity came into his presence, they were observed to tremble with fear. Such is the difference in the carriage and aspect of men.

We will close the present chapter by detailing some particulars in the lives of several distinguished chiefs.

It was very seldom that the names of any chiefs appeared in the accounts of the late war, but they were many, especially in the south, and deserved as much notice, and often more than many that did receive it. When the war was over, some of them occasionally visited Washington, and the novelty of their appearance sometimes caused them to receive such notices as follows: "On the 8th ultimo, [Feb. 1816,] arrived Col. Return J. Meigs, the agent of the U. States in the Cherokee nation, with a deputation from the nation, consisting of Col. Lowry, Maj. Walker, Maj. Ridge, Capt. Taylor, Adjt. Ross, and Kunnesee. These Indians are men of cultivated understandings, were nearly all officers of the Cherokee forces which served under General Jackson during the late war, and have distinguished themselves as well by their bravery as by their attachment to the U. States."

In June following, another deputation visited the capital of the United States, of whom it was said, their appearance was such as entitled them to the highest respect. The delegates were from the Chickasaws, and consisted of General William Colbert, the great war chief of that nation, Major James Colburt, interpreter; Ettissue; Mingo, the great warrior; Appasantubbee, a chief; Chastauny and Colleetchee, warriors. Most of these fought for the whites in the south. General Colbert was now aged, having fought with the Americans in St. Clair's army, with seven others of his countrymen; one of whose names was Piomingo, or the Mountain-lader, of whom we shall presently speak.

In the late war, while his men were preparing to join the Americans, Colbert, impatient to be unemployed, joined the third regiment of the United States infantry. When he had served with them nine months, he returned to his nation, collected his warriors, and marched to Fort Montgomery on the Alabama, from thence against Pensacola, crossed the Esanibia, and pursued the hostile Creeks almost to Apalachicola, killing many of them, and returning to Fort Montgomery with 85 prisoners. He and his comrades were now at Washington, to obtain a settlement of the boundaries of their country. Accordingly commissioners were sent into their country, and on the 20 September following, [1816] a treaty was entered into. In this treaty Colbert is styled Major-General, and by the sixth article of it he was allowed an annuity of 100 dollars during life. His name is not to the treaty of Hopewell, made 10 January, 1786, but that of Piomingo is. To that of Chikasaw Bluffs, 24 October, 1801, instead of his mark, we find W. C., which shows that he had been paying some attention to learning; but in subsequent treaties his mark again appears.

From the circumstance that the name of Piomingo is not seen to any of the treaties after that of Colbert appears, induces the belief that he is the same person, and that, from his attachment to the whites, he took one of their

names.

Piomingo is thus mentioned by General St. Clair, on his arrival at his quarters. "Oct. 27. Payamingo arrived in camp with his warriors. I was so unwell, could only see him and bid him welcome." "Oct. 29. Payamingo and his people, accompanied by Captain Sparks, and four good riflemen, going on a scout; they do not propose to return under 10 days." We have no account of the success of the excursion, but they did not join the army again until after the defeat, which took place six days after. As they were proceeding to Fort Jefferson, one of the enemy mistook them for his companions, and was captured before he discovered his mistake. Piomingo accosted him with harsh language, saying, "Rascal, you have been killing white men!" He then ordered two of his men to extend his arms, and a third to shoot him. When this was done, and his scalp taken, they proceeded to join the army.

We learn the name of one other who was with St. Clair. He was called

James Anderson, and was brother to the chief John Morris, who, 23 June, 1793, was murdered not above 600 paces from Governor Blount's house, in Knoxville. He was shot by some unknown persons. The governor ordered him to be buried in the burying-ground of the white people, with military honors. A procession was formed, headed by himself, and he was interred with great respect.

In 1793, the Spaniards of Louisiana made large offers to the Chikasaws, to induce them to forsake the Americans; but their offers were treated with contempt, especially by Piomingo.

MUSHALATUBEE was a Chikasaw chief, with whom General Lafayette became acquainted in his last visit to this country. His first knowledge of him, as will appear from the following extracts out of M. Levasseur's work, "LAFAYETTE EN AMERIQUE," &c., was at the residence of the "sage of Monticello.""

Mushalatubee, and Pushamata, a Chocktaw chief, already mentioned, were at Washington when the general arrived there, in December, 1824, being there at the meeting of congress, according to custom, with many other chiefs, to brighten the chain of friendship, receive presents, and make known the wants of their countrymen. At this time Mushalatubee made the following agreeable speech to General Lafayette.

"You are one of our fathers. You have fought by the side of the great Washington. We will receive here your hand as that of a friend and father. We have always walked in the pure feelings of peace, and it is this feeling which has caused us to visit you here. We present you pure hands hands that have never been stained with the blood of Americans. We live in a country far from this, where the sun darts his perpendicular rays upon us. We have had the French, the Spaniards and the English for neighbors; but now we have only the Americans; in the midst and with whom we live as friends and brothers."

Then PUSHAMATA, the first of their chiefs, began a speech in his turn, and expressed himself in these words: "There has passed nearly 50 snows since you drew the sword as a companion of Washington. With him you have combated the enemies of America. Thou hast generously mingled thy blood with that of the enemy, and hast proved thy devotedness to the cause which thou defendedst. After thou hadst finished that war, thou hadst returned into thy country, and now thou comest to revisit that land where thou art honored and beloved in the remembrance of a numerous and powerful people. Thou seest every where the children of those for whom thou hast defended liberty, crowd around thee, and press thy hands with filial affection. We have heard related all these things in the depths of the distant forests, and our hearts have been ravished with a desire to behold thee. We are come, we have pressed thy hand, and we are satisfied. This is the first time that we have seen thee,* and it will probably be the last. We have no more to add. The earth will part us forever."

"In pronouncing these last words, the old Indian had in his manner and voice something very solemn. He seemed agitated by some sad presentiments. We heard of his death a few days after; he was taken sick, and died before he could set out to return to his own people. When satisfied that his end was approaching, he caused all his companions to be assembled, and he desired them to raise him up, and to put upon him all his ornaments, and bring to him his arms, that his death should be that of a man's. He manifested a desire that at his interment the Americans would do him military honors, and that they would discharge cannon over his grave. They promised him that it should be done; he then talked freely with his friends, and expired without a groan in the midst of conversation." His monument occupies a place among the great men in the cemetery at Washington. Upon one side is this inscription:

They might not have been introduced to the general when he saw them at Mr. Jefferson's. M. Levasseur says, in speaking of the Indian deputation, " A leur tête étaient deux chef: que nous avions vous s'asseoir un jour à la table de M. Jefferson, pendant notre séjour à Monticello. Je les reconnus à leurs oreilles decoupées en longues lanières, garnies de longues lames de plomb."

"PUSH-MA-TAHA, A CHOCTAW CHIEF, LIES HERE.

THIS MONUMENT TO HIS

MEMORY IS ERECTED BY HIS BROTHER CHIEFS, WHO WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HIM IN A DELEGATION FROM THEIR NATION IN THE YEAR 1824, to the GENERAL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES."

And on the other:

"PUSH-MA-TAHA WAS A WARRIOR OF GREAT DISTINCTION. HE WAS WISE IN COUNCIL, ELOQUENT IN AN EXTRAORDINARY DEGREE; AND ON ALL OCCASIONS, AND UNDER ALL CIRCUMSTANCES, THE WHITE MAN'S FRIEND. HE DIED IN WASHINGTON, ON THE 24TH OF DECEMBER, 1824, OF THE CRAMP, IN THE 60TH YEAR of his age."

That Pushamata, or Pushmataha, was a warrior, has been said. In the late war with England, he assisted in subduing his countrymen at the south. In General Claiborne's army he distinguished himself, particularly in the battle of the Holy Ground, (called by the Indians Eccanachaca,) upon the Alabama River, 80 miles from Fort Claiborne. Here the celebrated Weatherford resided, also Hillishago the prophet.

In the treaty which the chiefs and warriors of the Choktaus held with the U. S. commissioners, 18 October, 1820, "at the treaty ground, in said nation, near Doak's Stand, on the Natches Road," the following passage occurs: "Whereas the father of the beloved chief Mushulatubee, of the lower towns, for and during his life, did receive from the United States the sum of 150 dollars, annually; it is hereby stipulated, that his son and successor, Mushulatubee, shall annually be paid the same amount during his natural life." Hence it would lead us to suppose, without further investigation, that both the father and son had rendered the country very important services.

As has been the case in all former Indian wars, so in the present, every neighboring Indian is viewed with distrust. No sooner had the present existing Seminole war begun, than, by report at least, hundreds of the Creeks were leaving their country for Florida, to join their hostile neighbors. Early this spring, 1836, it was reported far and wide that the Chocktaws had taken up the hatchet. This occasioned a national council to be called, which assembled on the 12 May. The venerable chief MUSHULATUBEE was present, and, among other things, said, "It makes my heart bleed to be accused of this treachery, when it is well known I and my tribe have fought side by side with Gen. Wayne, Jackson, and others, against the Seminoles, Creeks and British.” HILLISHAGO, or HILLIS HADJŎ, it appears, survived General Jackson's campaigns, and, not long after, went to England, still hoping to gain assistance from that nation to enable him to operate with effect against the Americans. He was, upon his return, the immediate instigator and cause of the Seminole war, having taken up his residence among that nation, unable to stay longer in his own country. The belief was imposed upon him by some abandoned English traders, that there was a provision in the treaty of Ghent for the restoration of their country. He received much attention while in England, and some encouragement, but nothing absolute. An English journal thus mentions his arrival:-"The sound of trumpets announced the approach of the patriot Francis, who fought so gloriously in our cause in America during the late war. Being drest in a most splendid suit of red and gold, and wearing a tomahawk set with gold, gave him a highly imposing appearance."

He received large presents from the king's stores, but, it is said, that of these he was chiefly defrauded afterwards by the notorious Woodbine, who, it seems, accompanied him in his travels.*

About the end of November, or beginning of December, 1817, a war party of Seminoles captured an American, and conveyed him immediately to their principal village, called Mikasauky. Here it appears dwelt Francis and his family. The American, whose name was M'Krimmon, was ordered to be immediately burnt to death. The stake was set, M'Krimmon, with his head

* Seminole War Documents, p. 23, published by order of congress.

shaved, was bound to it, and wood was piled up about him. When the Indians had finished their dance, and the fire was about to be kindled, a daughter of the chief, named Milly, who had been witnessing the preparations with a sad countenance, flew to her father, and, upon her knees, begged that he would spare the prisoner's life; and it was not until, like the celebrated Pocahontas, she showed a determination to perish with him, that her father consented to prolong his life for the present. It was still his intention, if he could not sell the victim for a certain sum, to have carried his former purpose into effect; but on offering him to the Spaniards, at St. Marks, the demanded sum, 74 gallons of rum, was paid for him, and thus his liberation was effected.

After Francis fell into the hands of the Americans and was hanged, his family, consisting of a wife and several daughters, surrendered themselves to the Americans at St. Mark's. The youngest daughter, Milly, about fourteen years of age, was treated with great attention by all the officers for having saved the life of M'Krimmon. She was said to have been very handsome. When M'Krimmon heard of her being among the captives, he went and offered himself to her as a partner. She would not, however, receive him, until satisfied that he was prompted to offer himself from other motives than a sense of the supposed obligation of his life having been saved by her.

Mikasauky was the chief rendezvous of the war party, and had been known at least a century by the name of Bâton Rouge. This name was given it by the French, and the Anglo-Americans called it the Red Sticks, to avoid the use of the same name in French. Hence the Indians who made this their quarters, were called Red Sticks. At this period they had revived the practice of setting up poles or sticks, and striping them with red paint, which was only when they intended war. The Americans, not knowing their practice, supposed these poles were painted with red stripes in derision of their liberty poles. Mikasauky, now Red Sticks, was upon a border of Mikasauky Lake.

· HORNOTLIMED, or as General Jackson called him, "HOMATTLEMICO, an old Red Stick," was another principal Seminole chief, whose residence was at Foul Town in the beginning of the war; but, being driven from thence, he repaired to Mikasauky. Three vessels having arrived at the mouth of the Apalachicola on the 30 November, 1817, with military stores for the supply of the garrison, were, from contrary winds, unable to ascend. Lieutenant Scott was despatched for their assistance, in a boat with forty men. The old chief Hornotlimed, who had just before been driven from Foul Town, by a detachment of General Gaines's army, with a band of his warriors, had concealed themselves in the bank of the river; and when Lieutenant Scott and his men returned, they fired upon them, and all except six soldiers, who jumped overboard and swam to the opposite shore, were killed. Twenty of the soldiers had been left for the aid of the ascending vessels, and about the same number of women and sick were in their places. These fell into the hands of Hornotlimed and his warriors, who dashed out their brains upon the sides of the boat, took off their scalps, and carried them to Mikasauky, where they exhibited them upon their red pole, in memory of their victory. This chief and his companion, Hillishago, were doomed shortly to expiate with their lives for this massacre.

The Mikasauky town was soon after visited by the army, but the Indians had all fled, their red pole was left standing, and the scalps upon it; many of which were recognized as having been taken from Lieutenant Scott's men. At length a vessel cruising near the mouth of Apalachicola River, to prevent the escape of the Indians in that direction, with English colors displayed, decoyed on board the famous chiefs, Hornotlimed, and the prophet Francis. These the Americans hanged without trial or delay.

NEAMATHLA was a warrior of note and renown, before the war of 1812 with Great Britain. He was a Seminole chief; but where his residence was previous to that war we have not heard; but after the Seminole war, he lived upon a good estate, at Tallahassee, of which estate a mile square was under improvement. This, in 1823, Neamathla, at the head of the chiefs of his nation, gave up, with other lands, for the benefit of the United States, by a