BOTANY.

Cryptogams.

Action of light on Algae. - Berthold has made a minute study of the action of light on seaweeds, especially Florideae, and gives the results of his observations on species growing near Naples, and of his cultures made at the zoological station in that city. Under the influence of feeble illumination, the species studied turned towards the light; but, when stronger light was used, they turned from it. He considers, in detail, the effect of light in modifying the growth and branching of different species. Many seaweeds are, at some seasons of the year, covered with colorless hairs, whose function has hitherto been supposed to be connected with absorption of nutritive material. Berthold denies this supposed office of the hairs, and maintains that they act as a protection against too bright light, and states that exposure to light is followed by an increase in the growth of hairs. He also gives an explanation of the iridescence of certain species, which is produced by the formation of small plates on the outer part of the cells, as in Chylocladia, or by globular or irregular bodies in the cells, as in Chondria and Cystoseira. He denies the existence of any true fluorescence in such cases, which he considers to be merely instances of iridescence, and asserts that the plates and globules act as shields against too strong light. He also attributes a similar function to the calcareous incrustation found in Chara and seaweeds like Acetabularia and Corallina. -(Pringsheim's jahrb.) W. G. F.

[724

Fertilization of red seaweeds. - Professor Fr. Schmitz has published some general observations on red seaweeds, in which he advances the view that the thallus in this group of Algae is always of a filamentous origin, no matter what the cellular character of the mature frond may be, and secondary celldivisions never include the axis of the primary cells. He considers, in detail, the fertilization and the formation of the carpospores, and is of the opinion that there is no indirect impulse transferred from one cell to another at a distance, even in genera like Dudresnaya and Polyides, but that there is always a direct transfer of cell-contents. The abstract question of the nature of the sexuality in Florideae, as compared with that of other orders, as Ascomycetes and Collemaceae, is treated at length; and he unites the Bangiaceae with Chlorophyceae, rather than with Florideae, as has recently been done by Berthold. (Bericht. akad. wiss. Berlin.) W. G. F.

Phenogams.

[725

Influence of sunny and shaded localities on the development of foliage-leaves. - Stahl of Jena has given considerable attention for several years to the effect which light has in the development of the assimilative tissues. It has been held by some that the degree of exposure of a leaf unfolding from the bud can have no influence upon the character of its cells, except so far as etiolation or blanching might produce it. Upon reviewing all the evidence in the light of his recent researches, Stahl thinks that in shaded places the leaves have a less well-marked palisade system, whereas in full sunlight they develop a better palisade system and a less well-characterized spongy parenchyma. The author is convinced that these facts in regard to the partial adaptation of leaves to their surroundings should be borne in mind in the selection of the amount of light in our greenhouses. The paper is well illustrated. - (Zeitschr. naturwissensch., xvi.; N. 8., ix. 1, 2.) [726

G. L. G.

Structure and development of nematophores. -As the result of his study of the nematophores of Aglaophenia, Antennularia, and Plumularia, Merejkowsky concludes that we must abandon the old view that a nematophore is an amoeboid mass of sarcode, since the use of reagents shows that it is made up of distinct nucleated cells. These cells are derived from both layers of the body; the endoderm forming the central axis, and the ectoderm the outer layer. The nematophore is usually divided into two parts, of which one shows no power of motion, and contains a battery of very large lasso-cells; while the second portion is very movable, and exhibits amoeboid changes of form. The active portion is composed entirely of ectoderm, while the immovable portion contains an endodermal axis. The active portion presents a peculiar type of histological structure, since its cells are embedded in and surrounded by a structureless layer of contractile protoplasm, which has in itself the power of active change, and to the contractile power of which the amoeboid movements are due. This protoplasmic layer seems to correspond to that which unites together the cells of labyrinthula; and something similar is found in sponges.

Merejkowsky's investigations of the development of nematophores have led him to believe that these structures are neither organs which have been acquired for a special purpose, nor specialized polymorphic hydranths, but simply degenerated hydranths.

In support of this view, he says, that, when a colony of Plumularia halicioides was kept over night without a supply of running water, the tentacles and oral orifice disappeared, the whole body became reduced in size, and the hydranth thus became converted into something which bore a very close resemblance to a nematophore. The ectoderm gave rise to long pseudopodia, and changed its form continually, exhibiting amoeboid movements which were almost exactly like those of a true nematophore. (Arch. zool. exp. gén., 1882, 4.) W. K. B.

[728

Haplobranchus, a new serpulid. — A. G. Bourne describes Haplobranchus aestuarinus, a new species of serpulid, belonging, apparently, to the Sabellidae, but differing from all known forms. A description, including a few anatomical notes, is given. The worm was found on both the Irish and English coasts. (Quart. journ. micr. sc., 1883, 168.) C. S. M.

[729

loosely attached to a stone by its lower edges, the stone forming the bottom. It may be composed entirely of sand or of vegetable fragments, or of both, and is peculiar for having at its mouth a vertical framework, with a net stretched across it, as in the figure, to catch its prey. The case is built in swiftly running water, and the supporting framework of the net is occasionally stayed by silken cords stretching to suitable points on the stone.

The other, that of a Plectrocnemia, is a tall cyclindrical chimney, with lateral tubes expanding into chambers. The cham

Origin of the vertebrate mesoderm. - Romiti discusses His's view, that the mesoderm has a double origin, in part from the primitive streak, and in part from independent cells, which His calls parablastic, and thinks derived from the yolk, and destined to form the connective and vascular tissues. Romiti admits the double origin, but maintains that the independent cells are derived from the germinal portion. The cells in the periphery of the mesoderm are derived "from the proliferation of some large cells which have emigrated from the segmented germ, and lie between the primitive layers." (Arch. ital. biol., ii. 277.) c. s. M. [733

Formation of serum albumen in gastric digestion. It is generally believed that proteids, when digested in the stomach or small intestine, are transformed into peptones, and absorbed in that form; but there has always been the objection to this view, that

peptone cannot be found (or, if found, then only in minute quantity) in the blood of the portal vein, or in the chyle. Hence, if the proteids eaten were turned into peptone, and absorbed in that form, they must very quickly be converted into the albumens of the blood, lymph, or chyle. Von Ott now claims that he has proved that serum albumen is produced in the stomach and intestines during digestion. But his proof consists, 1°, in assuming that Martius was correct when he stated that no proteid but serum albumen will cause the heart of a frog, which has been brought to a standstill by washing with salt solution, to beat again; and, 20, in showing, that, from the contents of the stomach or intestine of a digesting animal, a solution can be prepared which will make the heart recommence beating. As numerous intermediate and by-products are known to be formed during the digestion of albumens, and as Martius did not experiment with several of these, it is clearly necessary that the action of each on the heart be studied before we are justified in concluding that a heart which is fed by a liquid containing them is nourished by serum albumen, and not by them or some one of them. Von Ott finds that milk is an excellent food for the frog's heart, but that it loses this power when all proteids are removed from it. - (Du Bois' archiv, 1883, 1.) H. N. M.

[734

Excitation of vascular nerve-centres by the summation of electrical stimuli. — Kronecker and Nicolaides have examined the influence of successive stimuli upon the vaso-motor system, in order to see if the vascular nerve-centres obey the laws which have been established in this regard for the reflex movements of the limbs. They find a general agreement. Single induction shocks applied to vasomotor centres in the medulla or spinal cord have no influence upon arterial pressure. Moderately strong stimuli first begin to act by summation when they follow at not greater intervals than half a second. Increasing the rate of stimulation increases the effect up to a rate of from twenty to thirty per second: increase of rate beyond this has no effect. Keeping the rate quite slow and constant, but increasing the intensity of the stimuli, increases the effect, but never so much as quickening the rate. The maximum of blood-pressure can be obtained either with powerful shocks at - intervals, or moderately powerful induction shocks at - intervals. It takes longer to attain the maximum result with slow, powerful stimuli, than with weaker, but more rapid; also with slow stimulation the absolute number which must be given before the maximum result is attained is greater. The conclusion is therefore reached, that the cells of the vascular nerve-centres agree essentially with the proper motor cells of the spinal cord in having an inherent tendency (in the dog) to vibrate at a rate of about twenty times a second. (Du Bois' archiv, 1883, 27.) H. N. M. [735

12

"

Tetanic stimulation of frogs' nerves by a constant current. - Von Frey has lately carried on a series of investigations as to why a frog's muscle is sometimes tetanised - though usually only giving a single twitch-when a constant galvanic current is sent through its nerve. He points out some of the conditions under which the long-continued contraction is observed, and shows that it is a true tetanus, and not merely a very prolonged twitch. - (Du Bois' archiv, 1883, 43.) H. N. M. [736

Fish.

Spawning-habits of Ceratodus.-Mr. Haswell has stated before the Linnaean society of New South Wales, that Mr. Morton, of the museum, had ascer

6

tained that the so-called Ceratodus' of Queensland spawns during the months of June, July, and August, in the Burnett River. A slight excavation is made by the fish in the bed of the river, in water about eight to ten feet deep; and the male and female guard the nest till the eggs are hatched. Hope is held out that a supply of fertilized eggs may be procured next season, and the embryology of the type studied. Thus a great gap in our knowledge of the ancient fish-types may be filled up. (Nature, March 15.) T. G. [737 Development of the pike's skull. An important memoir on the development of the membranebones of the pike's skull has been published by Dr. Johannes Walther. The observations were chiefly made on the young, representing two stages of development, one 11 and the other 22 mm. long. The author recognizes five categories of ossifications; viz., hautknochen,' including cementknochen,' 'bindegewebsknochen,' and perichondralknochen (centrifugal wachsend)'; and 'knorpelknochen,' including 'perichondral (centripedal wachsend)' and 'enchondral.' For his generalizations, we must refer to the memoir itself (Jena. zeitschr., xvi. 59, pl. 3, 4). In this connection, we may also call attention to a monograph on the development of the pike's shouldergirdle and pectoral-fin, published by Dr. G. Swirski at Dorpat in 1880. — [738 Isaak Walton, and the river Lea. - An interesting article on the little river Lea, as it is at present, has been published under the above caption by R. B. Croft. A list of the fishes, with notes as to their occurrence (whether abundant or rare), will enable the Waltonian to compare the past and present of the river immortalized by the father of angling.' It supplements a paper some time previously published by Mr. Littleboy in the transactions of the Watford natural history society (ii. 113). —(Trans. Hertf. nat. hist. soc., ii. 9.) [739

-T. G.

Mammals.

American sirenians. The discovery of a new fossil sirenian in South Carolina brings the number of known existing and extinct forms in North America to eight (Cope. Proc. acad. nat. sc. Philad., 1883, 52). The Florida manatee is still extant in that state, and it is probable that the South American manatee may yet be found in Texas. Two extinct forms (Anoplonassa forcipata, from Georgia; and Hemicaulodon effodiens, from New Jersey) have been previously described by Cope. The type of Owen's Prorastomus was from the West Indies. Two other extinct species of manatee, founded upon teeth, and the new generic form, Dioplotherium Manigaulti, all from South Carolina, complete the number. From recent remarks by Mr. W. H. Dall (Biol. soc. Wash.; meeting March 30), it would appear certain that Rhytina has not existed on the coast of the Alaskan peninsula since the advent of man, and probably never. It cannot, therefore, be added to the list of American sirenians. -F. W. T.

[740

Foetus of a seal. - Camerano, in vol. xxxv. of the Memorie of the academy of Turin, describes the anatomy of a nearly mature foetus of Otaria jubata Forst. Its length, with the hind-limbs extended, was 51 cm.; its structure showed a close affinity with other carnivora. The author gives a description of the thoracic girdle with measurements. It is noteworthy that the scapula and the coracoid apophysis are relatively more developed than in the adult. The comparison of the cranium with that of the adult shows that variations occur here similar to those observed in the gorilla, especially in the proportion between the cranium proper and the facial region. The

brain differs in the usual manner from that of the adult. The right ventricle of the heart is shorter than the left: in the adult they are about equal. The same difference with age exists in lions. The coronary vein is very large. From the aortic arch arise only two vessels, the innominate trunk and the left subclavian, not three, as in the adult: the young, therefore, resembles in this respect the aquatic carnivora, with which it is probably phylogenetically_related.—(Arch. ital. biol., ii. 285.) C. S. M.

(Man.)

[741

Duration of fecundity in man. - The generally accepted notion that the period of fecundity for the male does not extend beyond the sixtieth year, and for the female the fortieth year, is shown by M. Mignot to be to a certain degree incorrect. He cites numerous cases which show that the period may extend to the seventieth year in the male, and to the fifty-sixth or fifty-eighth in the female. — (Soc. sc. med. Gannet, xxxvi. 19.) F. W. T. [742

The intermedius of the carpus in man and other mammals. — Leboucq has re-examined this bone by aid of microscopic sections, with a view of determining its relations to the other bones of the wrist. It first shows itself with distinctness in human embryos, of which the hand has a length of 2 min., appearing as a cartilaginous nodule inserted between the scaphoid and the first three bones of the drital row. In hands 2.5 mm. long it appears as a polyhedral nodule attached to the scaphoid at one point near the palmar surface, but otherwise free. In hands 4.5 to 5 mm. long the cartilaginous attachment is broader, but the intermedius is still distinguishable. With the growth of the foetus, the boundaries become less and less distinct, and finally disappear. Leboucq, therefore, decides that the intermedius does not disappear by atrophy, but by fusion with the scaphoid. He does not agree with Rosenberg, that the space supposedly left vacant by atrophy of the intermedius is filled with tissu à vacuoles, with large nuclei (?) in its walls, but by simple ligamentary fasciculi.

Although having no new facts to contribute, regarding the chimpanzee and gorilla, in which the intermedius disappears in the adult, he believes that it combines with the scaphoid as in man. In the dog and the cat, the intermedius is also as in man, but extends less in the dorselumbar direction. In embryo bats (notably in Vespertilio murinus) the intermedius is distinctly visible. Its presence in marsupials needs further confirmation. In conclusion, Leboucq states his belief that the intermedius is present in the embryos of all pentadactyle mammals. (Bull. acad. sc. Belg., (3), iv. 220.) F. W. T. [743

ANTHROPOLOGY.

Resources of anthropology. The student of any branch of human knowledge is always grateful to those who will show him the results of other men's labors. The surgeon-general's office in Washington has undertaken to be the guide of anthropologists in this respect. Under the direction of Dr. J. S. Billings and Dr. Robert Fletcher, aided by a force of accomplished assistants, are issued the Index medicus and the Index-catalogue of the surgeon-general's office. The former is a monthly catalogue of medical literature, classified so as to be most serviceable to the practitioner, as well as to the student of human biology. Through a system of exchanges and purchases, all the creditable medical anthropological journals of the world are promptly received, and their contents indicated through the Index medicus.

O. T. M.

(Old world.)

The anthropologist will always find useful information under the words bibliography, anatomy, physiology of the brain and nervous system, biology, abnormalities, anthropology, and craniology. The second-named publication appears in quarto volumes, in which every subject upon which any thing contained in the surgeon-general's library has been written is catalogued with conscientious minuteness, and with reference to the ready convenience of the student. Three volumes have already appeared. [744 Anthropology of Caffraria. The anthropological documents collected in Caffraria by M. Delegorgue in the years 1838-44 are made the text of a paper by M. Hamy. He begins with a résumé of the writings upon Caffraria prior to the travels of M. Delegorgue, commencing with the 25th of December, 1497, when Vasco da Gama named the country of Natal from the Nativity. To those making a study of the tribes so prominent for their bravery in the face of British soldiers, this chapter will be eminently useful. The documents for which we are indebted to M. Delegorgue relate especially to the Amazulus, although other members of the Bantu group and the Bushmen are not overlooked. In the third chapter of his monograph M. Hamy brings together what is known concerning the craniology of the Caffir tribes, with a table of measurements. (Nouv. arch. mus. hist. nat. Paris, 1881.) [745 Corea. Mr. William Elliot Griffis is the author of a work upon 'Corea, the hermit nation,' just published by Charles Scribner's Sons. The author made good use of his opportunities, while connected with the imperial university of Tokio, to collect all that could be ascertained concerning the exclusive peninsula. Mr. Griffis makes it very clear that Japan received its first impulses to art and civilization through Corea. Around this favored spot have contended a thousand influences for the mastery, Mongolians, Cossacks, Japanese; Buddhism, Confucianism, ancestral worship, and Christianity; exclusivism and liberalism. From these bloody conflicts the people have suffered untold miseries, and have been kept back in the progressive march of civilization. great deal of the space in the volume is devoted to the sociology of the Coreans, a subject in which anthropologists will be especially interested. The unsuccessful endeavors to effect commercial treaties with the Coreans are narrated at length, as well as those which met with a more favorable reception in 1882. J. W. P. [746

J. W. P.

A

Craniology of the Mongoloids. — Dr. Frederik Carel ten Kate, jun., made the craniology of the Mongoloids the subject of an inaugural dissertation at Heidelberg, and L. Schumacher of Berlin has published his researches in a pamphlet of fifty-eight pages. Several pages are devoted to a minute bibliography of the subject, which makes the paper all the more valuable. Fifty-three crania are minutely measured and described, as follows: Chinese, 10; mixed Chinese, 7; Japanese, 5; Berings people, 4; Yukagir, 1; Tunguses, 5; Bureats, 5; Calmuks, 5; Tatars, 4; Yakut, 1; Baschkirs, 2; Lapps, 4.

edge indented, and its head bruised by the blows of the hammer. Its specific gravity was 8.83, or a little more than that of melted copper. A chemical analysis made by Damour showed that it was composed of 95% of copper, 44% of tin, .2% of lead, .3% of iron, and traces of silver.

This bronze was not sensibly harder than common copper; and Boussingault suggests that it was owing to the rock possessing less hardness through its 'quarry water,' that it could be worked by such instruments. By the same cause he endeavors to explain the preparation of the granite monuments observed in Peru by La Condamine, adding thereto the skill and dexterity which the Indian race possessed in the use of their bronze tools. Boussingault's conclusions will probably be questioned by many until the strongest proof is given of their cor

Chili. The Times printing-house of Philadelphia has published a pamphlet of forty-eight pages upon Chili. Some information is conveyed concerning the forty thousand Indians within her borders. From the alliance of the Spaniards with the Araucanians, known under thirty or forty tribal names, from the Changos of Atacama to the Cuicos of Osorno, have come two million inhabitants, known severally as huasos (horsemen) and rotos (ragpickers). There are about forty thousand indigenes remote from civilization. The Araucanians proper are divided into three tribes, Pehuenches, in the pine-groves (pehuen) of the Andes; Llanistas, in the plains (llanos); and the Costinos, in the cordilleras of the coast. A brief history of the founding of Chili is given, commencing with the famous quarrel between Don Diego de Almagro and Don Francisco Pizarro.-J. W. P. |749

Errors in Waldeck's drawings. - Professor Cyrus Thomas, who has studied the Palenqué tablet of the cross with considerable care, expresses the opinion, that the drawing of the inscription on the left slab as given in the plates of Waldeck's 'Palenqué et autres ruines,' edited by Brasseur de Bourbourg, is almost wholly copied from Catherwood's drawing as published in Stephens's Central America.

He bases this opinion upon the demonstrable fact, that a number of errors which can be pointed out in Catherwood's drawing are all faithfully copied in the Waldeck plate.

This applies only to the six columns of the left inscription, and not to the rest of the plate, which he thinks is more correctly rendered by Waldeck, except as to the human figures, than is Catherwood's drawing. Is this opinion correct? If so, is the original of Waldeck's drawing yet in existence ? These are questions we should be glad to have the French archeologist answer. Prof. Thomas is now preparing a paper for the Bureau of ethnology in which he will give more fully his reasons for this opinion. -J. W. P.

[750

Indian music. — In every collection of American antiquities will be found gourd rattles, strings of shells, bones, hoofs, and seed-pods, drums, whistles of clay, wood, and bone, and frequently a stringed instrument, or a pan-pipe. These, "for the most part, are capable of nothing but inexplicable dumb shows and noise." Mr. E. A. Barber, however, has given the subject some attention, and has discovered instruments capable of a rude scale, from which the

fourth and the seventh are excluded, to which the name pentatonic has been given. The ancient Peruvians had music very difficult to learn, which expressed, with great compass and pathos, the agreeable and disagreeable emotions of their daily lives. Mr. Barber repeats an account, given by Don Fred. Blume, of the wails of a Peruvian woman on hearing the news of the death of a brother. "The announcement came, it seems, unexpectedly, and the explosion was that of a volcano of grief, - terrible jets from time to time; then a quiet interval; and then, again, a great outburst; and so on.. Thus I came to understand how their operas' originated, and how natural a mode of expression they are."- ( Amer. nat., March.) J. W. P. [751

Aztec music.- While arranging the Poinsett and Keating collections of antiquities in the museum of the academy, Mr. H. S. Cresson noticed some Aztec flageolets and whistles, or pitch-pipes of terra-cotta, an investigation of which had yielded some facts which might be of importance to the ethnologist. Most authorities upon the subject have arrived at the conclusion that the musical knowledge of barbarian tribes is confined to the limits of the so-called pentatonic scale, in which the fourth and seventh tones of the scale, as known to us, are wanting. Upon trying the four-holed Aztec flageolets in question, he had found, that, by closing the bell with the little finger, they could be lowered a full tone, and, from the tonic note thus obtained, the octave could be produced, including the fourth and seventh notes as known to us. Five of the flageolets in question were exhibited, -two in the key of C natural, one in the key of B natural, and the other two in F sharp and B flat respectively. The last-named instrument was chosen to produce the fourth and seventh tones, upon which an expert performer on the Boehm flute ran the diatonic and chromatic scales with but little difficulty. The pitch-pipes, or whistles, were next exhibited; and the same performer demonstrated that a full octave could be produced thereon, together

with the ninth, eleventh, and twelfth notes, the tenth being missing. The whistle producing this tenth note must have existed, as it is preposterous to suppose that a people capable of manufacturing the instruments in our possession (several of which are duplicated in the collection), which may be played in trio or quartette, were not more thoroughly acquainted with the principles of music than to content themselves with the narrow limits of the pentatonic scale. This is proven by their ability to manufacture instruments capable of producing, not only the fourth and seventh tones of the diatonic scale, but also the entire chromatic scale. (Acad. nat. sc. Philad.; meeting April [752

3.)

EARLY INSTITUTIONS. New-England towns. - The student of early institutions in America will be interested in the recent History of Great Barrington' (Berks County, Mass.), by Charles J. Taylor. The upper township was distributed in forty proprietary rights. James Bowdoin had seven and a half; other persons had six, five, four, two and a half, or one apiece. These rights were fixed by the settling committee at four hundred acres each. Allotments were made accordingly. We are struck by the resemblance between these proprietary rights with equivalents, and the mansi, cum campis, pratis, pascuis silvis, in the German colonies of the early and middle ages. The free colonies, like most of our New-England towns, were associations of proprietors, with defined rights in the land; in recognition of which, each man received certain home-lots and arable lots, together with meadow, pasture, and forest lands; the latter being, very often, held in common. Mr. Taylor confines himself strictly to the history of his own town; but this history embraces many interesting facts, and is suggestive in many ways. The words of Burke, 'People will not look forward to posterity who never look backward to their ancestors,' are printed upon the titlepage.

D. W. R.

[753

PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS. Peabody museum of American archaeology, Cambridge, Mass. Altar-mounds in Anderson township, Ohio. - Several of the mounds explored the past summer by Dr. Metz and the curator contained altars,' or basins, of burnt clay, on two of which there were literally thousands of objects of interest. Two of these altars, each about four feet square, were cut out, and brought to the museum. Among the objects from the altars are numerous ornaments and carvings unlike any thing heretofore found.

One altar contained about two bushels of ornaments made of stone, copper, mica, shells, the canine teeth of bears and other animals, and thousands of pearls. Nearly all of these objects are perforated in various ways for suspension. Several of the copper ornaments are covered with native silver, which had been hammered out into thin sheets, and folded over the copper. Among these are several of the spoolshaped objects (which I now regard as ear-ornaments), a bracelet, and a bead. One small copper pendant seems to have been covered with a thin sheet of gold. This is the first time that native gold has been found in the mounds, and the small amount found here shows that its use was exceptional. The

ornaments cut out of mica are very interesting, and embrace many forms. Among them are a grotesque human profile, and the heads of animals, whose features are emphasized by a red color. Many of the copper ornaments are large and of peculiar shape. There are about thirty of the singular spool-shaped earrings made of copper. Three large sheets of mica were also found; and several finely chipped points of obsidian, chalcedony, and chert, were in the mass of materials. Several pendants, cut from a micaceous schist, are of a unique style of work. Three masses of native copper were found on the altar.

But by far the most important things found on this altar were the several masses of meteoric iron and the ornaments made from this metal. One of these is half of a spool-shaped object, or ear-ornament, like those made of copper, with which it was associated. Another of these ear-ornaments is covered with a thin plating of the iron, in the same manner as others were covered with silver. There is also a folded and corrugated band of iron of the same shape, and nearly the same size, as the band of copper found in a mound in Tennessee, and figured in the last report of the museum (fig. 16). Three of the masses of iron have been more or less hammered into bars, as if for the purpose of making some ornament or implendent, and