they flow necessarily from the doctrines of the Vatican Council and the Syllabus.

The seventh of these propositions is the only one which we may fairly assent to, though in a very different meaning from that in which it is here affirmed. For it has been the special design of these pages to show that the pope in his new and extravagant claims is truly "above law, against law, and beyond law." He has put himself out of the pale of civilization and order, and has endeavoured to crush out the liberties of the world by an act of autocratic recklessness, which, if it could have ever been successful (and, it only could have been successful in the darkest periods of mediæval superstition), would have destroyed every element of law, of order, and of liberty in the world, and would reduce society to a hopeless state of ignorance, of anarchy, and of ruin. Happily, the audacity of the effort has been more than equalled by the impotence of its results. The power which assumed to be "above law and beyond law," has found that it could not safely array itself "against law;" and the "law-loving" and "liberty-loving " people of England will once again prove to the

world that the inalienable privileges bestowed upon them by Christ Himself shall never be surrendered to any claim of authority or assertion of privilege which deprives them of that first and most glorious franchise, "the liberty wherewith Christ hath made them free."

APPENDIX.

THE PETRINE CLAIMS AND THE CONDEMNATION OF GALILEO.

THE incidental effect of the Doctrine of Infallibility upon the Condemnation of Galileo, is at once remarkable and inevitable. Archbishop Manning affirms that "the definitions and decrees of pontiffs speaking ex cathedrâ......whether by bull or apostolic letters, or encyclical, or brief, to many, or to one person, undoubtedly emanate from a Divine assistance, and are infallible."*

We may, therefore, claim infallibility for the important doctrinal briefs addressed by Pope Pius VI. to the Bishop of Chiusi and Pienza, and inserted in the "Acts of the National Assembly of Bishops at Florence," in 1786-7. The pope, in the former of these, condemns the bishop for recommending to his clergy certain cate

"England and Christendom," p. lxxix.

chisms which had been condemned by the Congregations of the Holy Office and of the Index, and placed in the Index itself, adding "Nemo non intelligit apertam hîc inferri violationem dogmaticis judiciis quæ Petri Cathedra tulit." In the second brief, he makes the " eorum scripta inflicta," (i.e., by the Congregations), equivalent to the apostolica sedis decreta.

censure in

Now for the writers thus condemned, let us substitute Galileo; for the writings, the famous Dialogue, which was included in the Index, and we have at once an infallible declaration that Galileo's condemnation is among the dogmatica judicia quæ Petri Cathedra tulit, and therefore that it is infallibly and irreformably determined that the sun goes round the earth. Consistently with this view, Pope Benedict XIV. in his work on the "Canonization of the Saints," declares that the sun (in the miracle in Joshua) "unius diei spatio immotus permansit," agreeing with St. Augustine, that this was notwithstanding the natural law, quæ exigebat ut progrederetur.*

It will require all the ingenuity of the new scientific chairs at Kensington to reconcile papal infallibility with scientific truth. The Bishop of Chiusi, brave as he was learned, retorts to his accusers, "Quando Zaccaria condannò l'esistenza degli Antipodi, e quando si pretese di sostenere, che il sole e non la terra girava, queste

* L. iv. p. i. c. i. § 10.

decisioni nella barbarie de' secoli furono forse mirate con indifferenza, nei tempi men rozzi si considerano come stravaganze. Cristo non venne in mondo, nè fondò la sua Chiesa per insegnare la Geografia, nè mai pretese che un' uomo sommo, come il Galileo, dovesse onorare le prigioni Inquisitoriali perchè avea dimostrato chi non gira il sole, ma la terra.”* He could hardly predict the time when infallibility would consecrate the divorce between religion and science in its own domain, or negotiate a degrading morganatic alliance between truth and falsehood.

* Atti dell' Assemblea, tom. iv. p. 513.