and simultaneous invasion of the two channels of wealth and power, on the north and the south of Europe.

Unhappy Denmark! it was only robbers she fell amongst in 1813; it is Thugs she has chanced upon now; the "roumal" which your hands have wove and placed, is round her neck, and a quivering of life. scarce remains in her limbs ;* a gun brig, with a will behind it, might have saved the Baltic; but, alas! your ludicrous ships-of-the-line were demonstrating in the Levant. Then the Emperor was all magnanimity, then-February, March, April, and May last -Europe was so alive to Russia's designs that she never could attempt anything on the Crown of Denmark, on its Constitution, or its Sound.

Unhappy Turkey! in vain have you escaped from anarchy and bloodthirstiness; in vain have you restored order and inaugurated a rule of mildness and of charity; vain have been the painful efforts to subdue and extirpate the malconformities of centuries; in vain the unparalleled success in reorganising a powerful army, which ensured you from foreign violence and aggression; you have trusted to England;

* On the day that this passage was sent to press—the 19th of July, the doom of Denmark was sealed; it was formally announced to the Diet that despotic rule was restored, bearing out to the letter the statement in the body of this volume, that the Constitution would not be extinguished because the Diet refused to accept the Treaty, but that the Treaty would be used to extinguish the Diet. However, the event is announced to the British public by the Russian organ in the following fashion :-"In all this there is nothing of a coup d'état, but a legitimate and constitutional way of modifying an impossible Constitution."-Times, July 30, Note to 2d Edition.

..

you have confided in her wisdom, and, alas! in her honour.

Unhappy England! in vain have you expended thousands of millions to be prepared against sudden emergencies;* in vain have your worthiest sons cogitated by night, and laboured by day, to improve the condition of the people in gaining for them cheap food: † in vain have your shipbuilders and mechanicians laboured to perfect the terrible science of war; in vain do you possess the alliance of the great military power of the West; in vain are you called mistress of the occan; alas! the decrce has gone forth to forbid your flag on the waters where is to be decided whether a barbarian man shall be master of Constantinople and protector of Calcutta.

Here lies the whole matter let us consider it. I must entreat the reader's patience, the task of conciseness is here a difficult one. He has as yet not been troubled upon this point; it touches taxes and rates as well as honour and independence.

*The Principalities, from 1806 to 1815, occasioned to England, by the war resumed on account of them, an outlay of 650 millions sterling; since then we have expended on armaments 350 millions.

"The occupation of the Principalities contributes at this moment to raise the price of wheat in Mark Lane, and to check the productive labour of Manchester and Lyons. For it must be remembered that although we live in an age when it is especially inconvenient and disagreeable to run a risk of war for distant political causes, yet those distant political causes are brought nearer than they ever were to our own doors, and affect even the supplies of food and the demand for labour in the British Isles."-Times, Aug. 2, 1853.

The French Government has ordered its flag to be struck in the Principalities; the representative of England is exchanging friendly communications with the Russian General-in-Chief regarding the navigation of the Danube.

In the published note of the French government, M. Drouyn de Lhuys states, that the united squadron was only sent "to a bay freely open to the navies of all nations, and situated beyond those limits, which Treaties forbid to transgress in time of peace." This statement is erroneous: he refers to the Treaty of 1841, signed between the Great Powers and Turkey, by which they are equally and in all times excluded, and Turkey is deprived of the sovereignty of its own waters. A Treaty holds only so long as there is peace, but if war is requisite to justify the passage, it is war with Turkey, not with Russia; consequently the English and the French Governments do not understand their own engagements.

Together with the inviolability of the Dardanelles, was established the integrity of the Ottoman Empire; and in favour of the latter stipulation the former was allowed to pass. Russia had hitherto resisted every compact stipulating for the integrity of Turkey; on one occasion she refused to ratify a Treaty to that effect, which her Minister (Ouvril) had signed. She could safely admit it when the Dardanelles were closed; from that moment the Western Powers could have nothing further to say respecting the integrity of the Ottoman Empire.

This Treaty was signed at the moment that the Administration of which Lord Palmerston was Foreign Minister was going out of office; it is dated exactly one week after the expiration of the Treaty of Hunkiar Skellessi; it passed at the time without notice or comment, being considered as merely closing the

rupture between England and France respecting Syria. I at the time strove to awaken attention as to its consequences with no more effect than I had previously done to warn of its approach; in the height of the quarrel with France, and when war was considered imminent, I asserted that "the matter would close with an arrangement between them which would incorporate and extend (avec quelques articles de plus--for the letter I refer to was in French) the Treaty of Hunkiar Skellessi against which both had protested." But let that matter pass; let us drop the causes, and ignore for the moment. the motives. You negotiated that Treaty, you negotiated yourselves out of the Black Sca; Turkey was never thought of; France only was considered; you proposed it to her; you induced her to accept it; she accepted it because it was to ensure the integrity of the Ottoman Empire. What connection was there between the two points-at least as you have linked them?

On that connection the present results are the commentary. Russia passes the Pruth,-you cannot enter the Dardanelles. Perhaps you were deceived; perhaps you believed that the non-passage by Russia of the Bosphorus was the equivalent for the non-passage by you of the Dardanelles; let us scc.

In 1833, in consequence of the refusal of England to succour Turkey in the quarrel of Mehemet Ali, and by her advice, a Russian squadron with an army of disembarkation reached the Bosphorus. Before its departure Turkey was called upon to sign a Treaty, in recompense for this succour, which was

no other than a defensive alliance: the Powers being severally bound to furnish succour in case the other was attacked: but a secret article was appended, by which the succours on the part of Turkey were transmuted into a simple closing of the Dardanelles against any power with whom Russia might be at war. It was some months before Western Diplomacy made this great discovery, by perusing the document in the columns of the Morning Herald, but in fact it was modest, and knew the matter from the beginning. Lord Ponsonby had written from luxurious Naples, where he was awaiting the termination of the incident before proceeding to his post, to announce that the Russian Squadron would not leave the Bosphorus until such a Treaty had been extorted. The Turkish Government had transmitted to the English Embassy the draught of the Treaty so soon as it was presented to them. The English Government, however, laid up the grievance, in its heaving breast, until a drago. man communicated the Secret Article to the correspondent of the Morning Herald; then indignation arose, and energy was manifested in Downing Street. The English Embassy called the Porte to account, with exemplary vehemence, for its baseness and treachery, proving that the Secret Article constituted the Treaty "an offensive one against England; " the sentiments of the English Government were communicated to and re-echoed by that of France, and consequently the two squadrons proceeded on their way to the Dardanelles, to support the notes against Turkey, and to make a demonstration against Russia.