a county superintendent in each county for two years, all with the usual powers and duties.

The State superintendent is to apportion interest on school fund to counties in proportion to children between 6 and 18; the county superintendent apportions to districts, 25 per cent. according to the number of teachers and the balance pro rata according to number of census children listed and reported each year. The county board of examiners consists of county superintendent and two persons appointed by him.

Qualified teachers are such as have certificates from State or county board. Text books are determined by State board.

County school tax not less than 15 nor more than 50 cents on each $100. One-half mill State tax and 5 per cent. of all State taxes to be set apart semiannually.

Each village, town, or incorporated city constitutes but one district. At the general county election the voters of each district are to elect trustees, to consist of 3 when the votes cast at the last election did not. exceed 1,500, one for 4 years and two for 2 years, and of 5 where voters exceeded 1,500, two for 4 and three for 2 years, and thereafter their successors, with usual powers of district boards.

If the State money is not sufficient to keep up six months' school, they must levy tax for deficiency.

Rate bills on parents of scholars are authorized for schools in excess of six months.

The school year commences September 1. The school month is 4 weeks of 5 days each.

Districts failing to keep up school for 3 months under qualified teachers to forfeit proportion of semiannual apportionment.

The trustees are to furnish teachers with a list of all children in the district, and the teacher to report monthly those attending. If at end of four months non-attendance is shown, the trustees are to demand the penalty of parents, &c., which is not less than $50 nor more than $100 for the first offence, and not less than $100 nor more than $200 for second and subsequent offences. Sixteen weeks' school required for all children between 8 and 14.

Both State and county teachers' institutes are provided for, the former annual, the latter one or more each year.

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

The constitution contains the usual provisions of those of the New England States.

The law provides for a State superintendent appointed by the governor and council for two years, who has general supervision and control of educational interests of the State.

The towns at annual meetings are to choose a superintending school committee to supervise schools of town, raise money for schools-not

less than $350 for each $1 of the State apportionment-to be assigned to districts according to valuation or in such other mode as town may determine.

Towns may divide into districts or they may abolish districts. Districts composed of the whole town must elect and any other district in any town in which there are 50 children may elect a board of education of 3, 6, or 9, one-third to retire each year. High school districts may be established by a two-thirds vote of the town or of any district of 100 scholars, and two or more districts may, by concurrent votes, unite to support a high school or other schools.

When town is divided into districts each district is to elect a prudential committee, who is the executive officer of the district and employs teachers holding certificates of town committee.

The districts have the usual powers under the district systems. Women are voters and eligible to school offices.

Town committee determine text books, are to visit schools at least twice each term, and are to report to the town at its annual meeting, and also to the State superintendent.

NEW JERSEY.

The constitution requires the legislature to provide for the maintenance of a thorough and efficient system of free public schools for the instruction of all children in the State between the ages of 5 and 18.

School laws, 1879.

The general supervision and control of public instruction is vested in a State board of education, consisting of the trustees of the State school fund and of the State normal school. The trustees of the school fund are the governor, president of the senate, speaker of the house, attorney general, secretary of state, and controller. The trustees of the normal school are two from each congressional district, appointed by the gov ernor, with consent of the senate, one in each district appointed each year for the term of two years.

The State superintendent is appointed by the State board for a term of two years. He is to carry out the instructions of the board; is ex officio a member of the normal school board, and with principal of normal school constitutes State board of examiners.

County superintendents are appointed by State board, subject to ap proval of chosen freeholders, and hold during pleasure of board.

Each school district elects 3 trustees, to serve 3 years, one to be elected each year, with usual powers of district boards. Females are eligible. The district trustees constitute the township association; the county and city superintendents form a State association, of which the State superintendent is president.

The county superintendent and 3 teachers appointed by him are a county board of examiners. In cities governed by special law, the city board appoint examiners and a city superintendent.

The county superintendent is to fix boundaries of districts, and may divide or unite the same, but no new district is to be formed unless it contains 75 children of school age. Each incorporated city or town forms one district.

Any two or more districts may unite to establish graded schools, to be governed by joint board and entitled to share of school fund.

Every district to provide its own school houses, and forfeits right to any share of school appropriation unless nine months' school is maintained.

The State school tax is two mills; $100,000 from income of school fund to be paid to the counties in two or more instalments; $100 for each county, for teachers' institutes. If the State fund is insufficient for a nine months' school, a township tax may be levied.

The legal voters of district may levy a tax. All moneys received by district, other than district tax, over $20, to be used for teachers' salaries. Tuition free to all residents of district between 5 and 18, and all from 8 to 14 years of age are required to attend school at least 12 weeks each year. Corporal punishment in schools is prohibited.

Districts raising $20 for a library are entitled to same amount from the State.

An act of March 14, 1879, provides that districts theretofore receiving $350 shall thereafter receive but $300 from State apportionment. Every county is entitled to send to State normal school, free of charge for tuition, 3 pupils for each representative elected.

Applicants for admission to State agricultural college are to be selected by the county superintendent on examination.

NEW YORK.

By the constitution, the capital of the common school fund, of the lit erature fund, and of United States deposit fund is to be preserved inviolate; $25,000 of the revenues of the deposit fund are to be annually added to capital of common school fund; the revenues of the literature fund are to be applied to support of academies; the revenues of common school fund, to support of common schools.

School laws, 1878.

A State superintendent is elected by joint ballot of senate and house for three years. He is ex officio trustee of Cornell University, a regent of the State university, general supervisor of State normal schools, and trustee of State Asylum for Idiots; provides for education of Indian children, and visits institutions for deaf and dumb and blind, with usual powers and duties in reference to common schools, and may appoint a deputy.

The State is divided into districts, having no special reference to county or township lines, in each of which is to be elected triennially a school commissioner, with the ordinary powers and duties of a county commissioner in his district, and is to define the boundaries of school

districts in his jurisdiction, divide territories into districts when neces sary, and, with consent of trustees, may alter the same.

School districts are at annual meetings to elect one or three trustees, clerk, tax collector, and librarian. Where there are three trustees, one is to be elected each year. District officers must be qualified voters.

Every resident male of 21 years of age who owns or hires real property liable to school tax; every resident authorized to vote at town meetings, having a child of school age who has attended eight weeks the preceding year; owner of personal property exceeding $50 in value, exclusive of such as is exempt from execution, liable to school tax, and no others, are qualified voters in district meetings.

The district, by vote, may designate sites, levy tax to build, purchase, or repair houses, and to raise money for district purposes, not to exceed $25, for purchase of maps, apparatus, &c., and not to exceed same amount for anticipated deficiency in contingencies, and the taxable inhabitants may vote annual tax of $50 for library.

The trustees have usual powers of district board, and are to report number of children in district between 5 and 21.

The common schools are to be free to all over 5 and under 21 resident in district; and children between 8 and 14 years old are required to be sent to some school at least 14 weeks in each year, but no Indian children may be admitted to the public schools in districts where a separate school is provided for them.

Teachers must hold diploma from State normal school, or certificate of State superintendent, school commissioner, or the proper school officer of city or village.

Union free schools may be formed, to be controlled by not less than 3 nor more than 9 trustees, one-third elected each year, who are to constitute board of education. Such union district to be recognized as a school district in distribution of school moneys. The board has power of trustees; may grade schools.

District school authorities may, if they deem it expedient, establish. separate schools for colored children, to be supported in same manner and to same extent as other schools.

Boards of education or school districts, by two-thirds vote, to desig nate text books, not to be changed for five years.

An act of May 13, 1878, requires the trustees to be elected by ballot in all districts of over 300 children of school age.

NORTH CAROLINA.

The constitution requires the legislature to "provide by taxation or otherwise for a general and uniform system of public schools, wherein tuition shall be free of charge to all children between 6 and 21 years of age." White and colored are to be in separate schools, but no discrimination to be made in favor or to the prejudice of either race.

It also provides for a State superintendent and a State board of edu

cation, to consist of the governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, treasurer, auditor, attorney general, and State superintendent.

It provides that each county shall be divided into school districts, and that a school shall be maintained in each district at least four months each year, and makes any county commissioner failing to comply with this requirement liable to indictment. It provides for an irreducible educational fund, makes the University of North Carolina a State institution, and directs that its benefits shall, as far as practicable, be extended to the youth of the State free of charge for tuition. It gives the State board full power to legislate and make all needful rules in relation to the free public schools and the educational fund of the State, subject to amendment or repeal by the legislature, and empowers the legislature to enact that every child of sufficient mental and physical ability shall attend the public schools during the period between 6 and 18 not less than 16 months, unless educated by other means.

Laws in force, 1877.

The county commissioners of each county constitute the county board of education. They are to appoint one resident examiner to examine teachers; lay off county into districts; employ teachers; if money insufficient for 4 months' school, may levy tax for deficiency; and appoint school committee of three for each district.

Every school to which aid shall be given from State shall be deemed a public school, to which children between 6 and 21 only shall be admitted. Moneys are to be apportioned to the districts according to the number of children between 6 and 21. Teachers are to hold certificates, which are of three grades. Teachers of the first grade are not to be paid over $2 a day; teachers of the second grade, not to exceed $1.50; and of the third grade, not to exceed $1. No teacher to be paid for less than one month of twenty days.

Course of study and text books are prescribed by the State board. School committees take an annual school census of their districts.

Laws of 1876-277 provide.for normal instruction of both white and colored teachers, and authorize townships having within their limits cities of 5,000 or more inhabitants to levy taxes for the support of graded public schools.

OHIO.

The constitution contains the usual requirement that a thorough and efficient system of common schools shall be provided for by taxation or otherwise.

The law is taken from the last compilation of the State commissioner, 1879. The State commissioner is elected triennially, and is to appoint a State board of examiners.

A county board of examiners of three is appointed in each county by