cathedral, churches, university, and a number of other public buildings, ornament the city. Population, 27,000. Population, 27,000. The other important places in the state are:-Reggio, with 18,000 inhabitants; Massa, with 7,000; Carrara, a small place noted for its marbles; Mirandola, a busy, fortified town, with 6,000 inhabitants; Finale, with 6,000; Carpi, with 6,000; Castelnuovo, with 3,000; Sassuolo, Rubiera, Novallora, Canossa, and Correggio, the last of which was the birth place of the celebrated painter Allegri.

THE GRAND DUCHY OF TUSCANY.

THIS large state is situated in Middle Italy, extending from the coast almost entirely to the west of the crest of the Appenines, and is bounded on the north by Parma and Modena, and on the east and south by the Papal States. Elba, and several other islands in the Mediterranean belong to Tuscany. The territory contains 8,381 square miles, or 5,365,120 acres, which are thus occupied :—in the cultivation of the vine, 570,000; vine and olive, 390,000; arable, 840,000; woods, 1,400,000; chestnuts, 305,000; natural and artificial mcadows, 70,000; pastures, 1,600,000; various smaller products, 70,000; building, 26,000-the small remainder being unemployed and not subject to taxation. The population amounts to about 1,600,000, or 190 to the square mile. The army consists of from 7,000 to 8,000 men, who are levied by a sort of conscription, and serve for six years. The Grand Duke is an Austrian; but the policy of the government has long been distinguished for its liberality and efficiency. Education is much neglected, and the only institutions of note are the universities of Pisa and Siena. The annual revenue amounts to some 25,000,000 lire, (about $4,000,000,) produced from the land-tax, customs, salt and tobacco monopolies, lotteries, &c. The public debt is small, and its security unquestioned. The improvements of the Maremma have occasioned much of the extraor dinary expenditures.

Tuscany is divided into five "compartimenti," and these again into "territori-comunitativi." The following table contains the names and statistics of the compartimenti and the chief cities of each:

FLORENCE, (Firenze la Bella,) the capital, is situated on the Arno, in a delightful valley. It is considered one of the finest cities of the world, and is noted for its antique appearance, and the solidity and beauty of its palaces, churches, and other public edifices. Population, 100,000. In the neighborhood of the city are many villas and country houses, noted for their historical associations. Vallombrosa, Prato, Pistoja, Pescia, Volterra, and Signa, are places of some consideration, within a short distance of Florence. Volterra is noted for its salt works, and Signa may be considered as the centre of the straw-hat manufactures, a handicraft which forms not only a

chief employment to the Tuscans, but which also furnishes an article of commerce to every other country.

PISA, an ancient but now decayed city, the capital of a sovereign republic in the middle ages, and the great rival of Genoa, is situated on the right bank of the Arno, near its mouth. With the exception of its literary institutions and numerous antiquities, Pisa has no modern attractions. Popula tion, 20,000. Some valuable marbles are quarried in the neighborhood.

LEGHORN, (Livorno,) a fine modern city, on the shores of the Mediterranean, is one of the principal commercial towns of Europe, an advantage that it owes to its being a free port, where the productions of all countries can be landed and re-shipped without restriction. One of its quarters is called New Venice, from its being intersected by a number of canals, by means of which goods are brought to the doors of the warehouses. The harbor is entirely artificial, and is formed and defended by a great mole or bulwark, and by strong military works; and outside is the road, formed by sandbanks surrounding the island of Meloria, on which the light-house is built. The city is two miles in circumference, and contains about 80,000 inhabi tants, of whom one-fourth are Jews. The great square is spacious, and the Duomo or Cathedral, is a noble building. Leghorn in the 15th century was only an inconsiderable port, and it was not until the middle of the 17th century that its liberality to the Jews, and other strangers, laid the foundation of its modern prosperity, and accomplished the transfer of Tuscan commerce to its port. Its ship-building is extensive, and vessels of war of 60 guns have been built in its slips.

Arezzo, Cortona, Siena, Grossetto, &c. are the other principal towns of Tuscany.

THE DUCHY OF LUCCA.

THIS small state now belongs to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, having been transferred in 1847, in compliance with the treaty of 1815. It is a small maritime district, between the north-west of Tuscany and the southern borders of Modena, and was formed into a separate state in 1815, out of the territory of the late Republic of Lucca.

LUCCA, the capital, on the Serchio, in the centre of a plain cultivated like a garden, has 25,000 inhabitants. The fortifications have been razed and converted into fine promenades; and a magnificent aqueduct supplies the city with water. Lucca has a university and several other scientific and literary establishments. The environs abound with elegant villas. VIAREGGIO is a seaport town, with considerable coasting trade, and a population of 5,000. CAMAIORE, on the sea-coast; Borgo-a-Mazzano, on the Serchio, and Corsena on the Lima, are other principal places. In the vicinity of Corsena are situated the "Baths of Lucca," which are much frequented both by natives and strangers.

Tuscany is the Etruria of the ancients. It was conquered by the Romans 280 B. C. After the fall of that empire it successively belonged to the Goths and Lombards, by the last of which it was erected into a duchy. Charlemagne conquered Tuscany, but under his feeble successors its princes made the country independent. In the 12th and 13th centuries Tuscany was partitioned among the famous republics of Florence, Pisa, and Siena; but these were re-united in 1531 into one duchy, under Alex

de Medici, in whose family it remained until its extinction in 1737, when it fell into the hands of the house of Austria. In 1801, Napoleon erected it into the Kingdom of Etruria, in favor of the Prince of Parma; but in 1808 it was incorporated into the French Empire, and subdivided into the departments of Arno, Mediterranean, and Ombrone. Since 1814 it has reverted to Austria, and is now governed by one of the Archdukes. Lucca was purchased in 1847; but whether it is annexed to Tuscany, or remains a distinct sovereignty only governed by the Grand Duke, we cannot learn. The Ex-Duke of Lucca succeeded to Parma, on the death of Maria Louisa in 1848.

THE STATES OF THE CHURCH.

THESE States, which constitute the temporal dominions of the Bishops of Rome, occupy the greater part of Central Italy, extending along the Adriatic Sea, from the Po to the northern frontier of Naples; and are bounded on the west by Modena and Tuscany, and on the south by the Mediterranean Sea. The length, from north to south, is 260 miles; the breadth is very various.

The States of the Church compose a mountainous country; the Appenines, which here attain their greatest height, give off many lateral branches, and the few level spots which do exist are interrupted frequently by the vanguards of the central chain of hills. The plain, between the Po, the Appenines, and the Adriatic, resembles the plain of Lombardy; and the "Campagna di Roma" is but a continuation of the Maremma. It exhibits an undulating surface, but is almost destitute of trees; and along the coast pestilential swamps, frequently overflown by the sea, occur; while the volcanic soil, strongly impregnated with sulphur, sends forth unwholesome vapors. The Mediterranean, which receives the Tiber, the Fiora, the Palidora, and the Amiseno, washes the coast from Montalto to Terracina, and the Adriatic, the reservoir of the Po, the Mentone, the Savio, the Uso, &c., from the Po to Tronto. The only good harbors in the whole extent are those of Civita Vecchia and Ancona. There are several navigable canals, of which those of Bologna, Cento, and Imola, are the most remarkable; and lakes, abounding in fish, are found in several directions. The climate is mild, and the natural heat of the region is tempered by the breezes from the Mediterranean; but the Siricco and the pestilential exhalations of the river bottoms and swamps prove destructive to life, while the volcanic nature of the country tends to the same results.

The

Agriculture is here in as bad a state as in other parts of Italy. lands are held by large proprietors, and divided infinitely into small farms, which disinclines the actual possessors from making those improvements a more liberal system would encourage them to undertake. The productions, natural and agricultural, are those peculiar to Central Italy. The fisheries, which would produce a sufficiency, are neglected, and about one million and a half scudi in value of this important article is annually imported, to supply the demand for the 160 fast days of the Catholic Church. Bees are extensively kept, and honey is exported; but still there is not sufficient wax produced to supply the consumption in the form of wax candles, used in the churches. The climate is very favorable for the silk-worm, and the

mulberry is extensively planted. The existing manufactures scarcely supply the home-demand. Silk-weaving is carried on to some extent, and broad-cloths, paper, vitriol, plate, artificial flowers, and stone-ware, enter largely into the list of manufactures. There is no active commerce, and what exists is chiefly carried on by foreigners. The Tiber and the Po are the only navigable rivers; and the roads, with few exceptions, are very bad.

With the exception of a few Jews, and other heretical sects, living at Rome and Ancona, the inhabitants are all Italians, and descendants of those Romans who once governed the whole civilized world. The manliness of their ancestors, however, has been buried in the same tombs which contain their dust, and the modern Romans are effeminate and utterly dependent. They possess, nevertheless, genius, and a fine taste for the arts of polite life, and excel in sculpture, painting, and music. This degeneracy from the martial qualities of their fathers is, no doubt, the result of the influence of religious persecution, and the superstitious terror that pervades the whole body politic. Utter destitution shadows the land, and starvation is only prevented by the charities of the church-charities which its grasping avarice alone has caused to be necessary. Their language is not so pure as that of Florence, but the pronunciation is far more harmonious.

The Catholic Church is established here in its greatest splendor. At the head of the church stands the Pope and the College of Cardinals; and besides there are in the States six archbishops and 72 bishops! Convents, the Inquisition, and the Index Expurgatorius, are here in their element, and the different religious orders are immensely rich. The universities, which for merly counted ten, have been reduced to three, viz.: those of Rome, Bologna, and Perugia. The Propaganda has done much to advance the knowledge of oriental languages; but the countervailing influences of the censorship have retarded all intellectual progress, and limited to a sectary the literature of the country. Schools exist in every part, but still few nations exhibit so meagre an education as the Italians.

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The government is an elective monarchy, and, formerly, the Pope, who is nominally head of the state and of the whole Catholic world, exercised, exclusively, both the legislative and executive powers. In 1847, Pius IX. remitted part of his temporal powers to his people, and called together, in pursuance of a constitution he granted, their representatives. This, at the time, was considered a most liberal grant. But this first glow of liberty was too exhilarating, and demands for progression now poured in from the people. There was no retreat for the holy father-he was hurried on by the stream, and daily relaxed his authority, until at length his teinporal attributes were all gone, and the Pope, like an inconsiderate spendthrift, cast on the cold charities of the world. It was too late"-the people had renounced him, and the patrimony of St. Peter had become the pandemonium of republicanism." At this juncture the Pope fled, and found refuge at Gaeta, in the Neapolitan territory. All this occurred in less than twelve months. The result is in the womb of the future. The Pope may be restored, but his authority as a temporal prince is fast waning, and must, in the natural course of an expanding political regeneration, soon be among the absurdities that were. His ecclesiastical powers are firmly throned on the "Rock of Ages ;" and it is immaterial whether the successors of St. Peter are located in Rome or in the moon; they will ever be respected by the Catholic world. The Roman States are now in the hands of the revo

Under these cir

lutionists, and all law and order in the utmost dishabille. cumstances, any account of the forms or usages of the government would be futile, and those given to-day would be obsolete to-morrow.

The revenues of the Pope were formerly large, in comparison to the present time. Then the tithes of the whole of Christendom swelled his exchequer. The average annual receipts are now under $15,000,000, and it it is seldom that the disbursements have not exceeded this revenue; and the excess is yearly swelling the amount of the national debt. All attempts to place the financial system on a proper footing have hitherto failed. Of the above-named amount, says Raumer, (Italy, II.) "the support of the army engrosses 20, and the interest on the public debt 25, or, according to others, not less than 38 per cent. Into this dilemma the government has been brought chiefly by its solicitude to restore the ecclesiastical and monastic system of former times in its fullest extent, and to compensate all losses sustained during the French occupation. Recourse is had to expensive loans, which scarcely alleviate the pressure for the moment; while the cause of embarrassment remains unabated, and seems likely to lead at last to the dissolution of the state."

The dominions of the Church are divided into 21 provinces: of which that of Rome is styled a "commarca;" that of Loretto, a "commissariato;" and those of Bologna, Ferrara, Ravenna, Forli, Urbino, Pesaro, and Velletri, “legazioni," because they are governed by legates. The delegation of Benevento, and the Territory of Ponte Corvo, are entirely separated from the rest of the dominions, being situated in the northern part of the kingdom of Naples. Ponte-Corvo forms part of the province of Frozinone. The names of the provinces, and their area, population, &c., are stated in the annexed table:

ROMA, (ROME,) the capital of these states, is situated on the banks of the Tiber, partly on a plain, and partly on low hills, with their intervening valleys, about 16 miles from the mouth of the Tiber, and between 50 and 60 The Pope has since been restored by a French, Austrian, and Spanish intervention.