2. In the Italians, the ancient type has been preserved, notwithstanding much admixture with Greek and German blood. They retain much of the classic beauty so well represented in ancient Roman statuary. The statues of Augustus and Napoleon, both of Italian original, are well-adapted in outline and feature for either sovereign, so alike have been the two in external appearance. Of the distinguished men produced by this race, it is superfluous to speak; all history is full of their deeds.

3. The Greek family comprises the inhabitants of the Grecian continent and islands, including the Illyrians, Albanians, Thessalonians, &c. The ideal type of these is to be found in the Apollo, the Venus de Medicis, and other fine remains of antiquity; and the reality in the statues of the great men in the museums of Italy, and in the modern Greeks. Though subjugated for nearly four hundred years, they have preserved themselves as a distinct people, and are now, as of old, remarkable for personal beauty. The genius of this family is displayed in the long line of illustrious warriors, poets, and orators, that adorn its early history. By the Greeks, the arts and civilization were spread over Europe, and to them we are indebted for all rational literature and science.

4. The Turkish or Tartar, is the only oriental race that ever succeeded in forming by conquest a permanent settlement in Europe. Little intermixed with European nations, they preserve all the peculiarities of their Eastern origin. The empire they have founded, however, is now tottering to its downfall, and had it not been for the jealousies of the European powers, would long since have ceased to exist.

5. The Celtic family, is recognized in the native Irish, the Highlanders, and the Welsh; the inhabitants of Bretagne, and parts of Belgium and Switzerland. They are the Gauls of Cæsar, and the Caledonians and Silures of Tacitus; and are distinguished from the Teutonic races, both physically and intellectually. They are darker in complexion and sharper in features. In the Irish they are essentially ugly. The intellectual endowments of this family are marked with more pleasing traits: they are capable of abstruse studies, and the elegant in their literature is very perceptible. The animal passions, however, are notoriously prominent, and too often more than a countervale to the intellectual and moral peculiarities, which they undoubtedly possess in a high degree. Naturally they are of an easy disposition, but extreme in their likes and dislikes, and their friendships and enmities are alike dangerous. As soldiers, they fight bravely and fiercely; as politicians, they are factious; but as husbands and wives, they are faithful to each other and kind to their offspring. There seems, however, to be among this race an incapacity to unite, and, as a consequence, they can never become a strong nation. Hitherto, and for a long period, they have been politically annexed to other nations, but it has always resulted to the discomfort of their allies, and promoted commotions and civil strife. Spain, Ireland, and Celtic Switzerland, are exemplars of this conduct, and in a great measure the same obtains in the United States. This race, however, has produced some great men as Wellington, Emmet, and O'Connell, in the political world; Goldsmith and Moore, in literature; and a long catalogue in the walks of science and the arts.

6. The Teutonic or German family, though scarcely known two thousand years ago, is now the ruling race of Europe. It en braces the Swedes, Norwegians, Danes, Dutch, Germans, and the great mass of the Scotch and English. In its own country this family has never been conquered; but has been itself the most extensive and permanent of all conquerors, as

is shown by its conquest of France, England, Italy and Spain, and the still more extensive conquests it has, through these countries, achieved in foreign parts. It is still progressing in all that tends to a high degree of civilization, and will no doubt one day assume universal empire. Luther, Milton, and Newton, are fair representatives of the Teutonic race; while Gustavus Adolphus and Charles XII. exhibit its ruder and more vigorous features.

7. The next great family is the Sclavonic, embracing Russians, Poles, and Lithuanians, and a portion of the Bohemians, the Wends, Dalmatians, Cro atians, Sclavonians, Bosnians, Servians and Bulgarians. They are superior in energy to the Asiatic races, and have made considerable progress in civilization. Peter the Great is perhaps the most remarkable man produced by this race, and his portrait is favorable specimen of it. The present Emperor of Russia is much superior in talents and education to the generality of the Sclavonians.

8. The Finnish is a small family in the north of Europe, resembling in habits and features the Esquimaux of North America. They have made little progress in civilization, and many of them to this day lead a nomadic life.

9. Hungary, Transylvania, Wallachia, Moldavia, and Besarabia, are inhabited by a variety of races not easily ascertained; but they are said to be descended from the Magyars of Asia. The ancient inhabitants were the Pannonians and Dacians, whose robust and manly forms are well represented in their statues of their kings and warriors, many of which still exist. The present race is tall and handsome, and endowed with high intellectual qualities. If the ancestors of this race were of eastern origin, which is doubtful, they have retained none of the peculiarities of any of the existing races of Asia either in mind or body. They have attained to great civilization.

10. The Mongolian family, either in a nomadic or other rude state, such as the Samoyedes, the Soiyanes, Permians, Wotyuks, Kalmucs, and Kirghises, inhabit the north-eastern portion of Europe. Jews, a portion of the Semitic family, are dispersed over all the continent, but are most numerous in the rudest parts of Russia and Poland. In many parts their identity is almost lost by intermixture.

Asiatics, Africans, and indeed representatives of the whole world, are settled in Europe, but it would be an endless and futile task to specify them among Europeans. They will ever remain distinct or become annihilated.

We will now proceed to describe the position of Europe at the present day, in regard to its political divisions, governments, religions, &c. These, however, we shall only briefly enumerate, as they will be more fully described under the separate articles relating to each political family.

Christianity in its various forms sheds a benign influence over all the surface of Europe, and is professed, with few insignificant exceptions, by nearly the whole of its numerous inhabitants. The Turks alone, as a people, deny its authenticity.

The Roman Catholic Church extends its authority over almost the whole of France, Belgium, and Holland; the whole of Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Sardinia; seven-eighths of Ireland; the greater part of Austria; nearly one-half of the Swiss confederation and the secondary states of Germany, and over a fractional part of Turkey. The Greek or Eastern Church is established in Russia, the Ionian isles, the kingdom of Greece and the

three principalities of Servia, Wallachia, and Moldavia. Its doctrines are professed by nearly one-half of European Turkey, and by a very large moiety of the subjects of Austria, especially in Transylvania, Hungary, Croatia, Sclavonia, and Dalmatia.

The Protestant Churches, or those which in point of doctrine differ from Roman and Greek, are but proportionally small in number, but in intelligence and piety are pre-eminent, and are of several denominations. The Lutherans are the dominant sect in Prussia, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Hanover, Saxony, and in Wurtemberg and other German states. Its doctrines and forms are also adhered to by the inhabitants of the Russian provinces of the Baltic, and by a number of individuals in Austria, especially in Transylvania, Hungary, &c. The Calvinists prevail principally in Holland, the Swiss Cantons of Berne, Zurich, Bâle, &c., &c., in the duchy of Nassau, Electoral Hesse, the principalities of Lippe, Anhalt, and in some of the other German states. Calvinists are also numerous in France, Prussia and Austria, and they form a vast majority of the people of Scotland. The Anglican or English Episcopal is the established Church of Great Britain and Ireland; but in point of political rights and privileges, Churchmen and dissenters have of late years been placed nearly on an equal footing. It may be remarked with sufficient correctness, that the Roman Catholic, Protestant and Greek Churches constitute the three great religious and geographical divisions of Europe, since the first prevails in the southern, the second in the northern, and the last in the eastern countries. Besides these three great ecclesiastical divisions of Christian Europe, there are some minor religious communities, separated from the general mass; such as the Wesleyan and other Methodists, in Great Britain and Ireland; the Memnonites or Baptists, in Britain, Holland, Prussia, Russia and Germany; the Socinians in Transylvania, and the Unitarians in England; the Quakers in England and the Netherlands; and several other sects of inferior importance.

That portion of the population of Europe which does not include the professors of Christianity, may be classed under four religions, viz. 1. Islamism, the dominant religion of the Ottoman Empire and professed by all the Turkish population of Russia; 2. Judaism, professed by the Jews throughout Europe; 3. Samism, or the religion professed by the wandering hordes of Kalmucs in Russia; and lastly, Idolatry, which is to be found only among the uncivilized and rude nations in the extreme north and east of the continent. The few dissentients from all religious forms are too insignificant

to enumerate

The several states of Europe present every possible form of government, from the extreme of absolute despotism to that of pure democracy; but in general it may be possible to reduce these forms of government into three general classes, namely, autocracies or absolute monarchies, limited or constitutional monarchies, and republics. Each of these three classes, however, presents shades of character which are highly embarrassing; and there are even some states which cannot be brought under a rigorous classification, as sometimes a portion of their terrritory may belong to one class, and another portion to a second. Thus, in Austria, the several principalities have in most cases retained their original forms of government, each differing essentially from the other. Other monarchies again, like that of Prussia, exhibit shades of character so very delicate, that they may with equal propriety be placed either in the first or the second class. We reserve our further remarks on these points for our special descriptions, which will

include some account of the leading features of the respective governments of the different European states.

On arbitrary assumption, the five countries, namely, England, France, Russia, Prussia and Austria, are placed at the head of the European states. The question of precedence, however, is extremely complicated, and is open to the influence of many modifying circumstances. Thus, while in relation to military preponderance, none of the other states can rival Russia, Britain, on the other hand, surpasses them all in maritime strength. France in manufacturing industry and territorial wealth yields only to Britain; and if its military force numerically is inferior to that of Austria, its extent of coast and its navy place it far above the latter. Least in point of political importance, probably, stand the little principalities of Lichtenstein and Monaco, and the seignory or lordship of Kniphausen, the last of which, with its microscopic territory of 17 square miles, containing less than 3,000 inhabitants, contributes a contingency of 20 men to the army of the Germanic Confederacy.

The existing political divisions of Europe comprehend three Empires, sixteen Kingdoms, one Ecclesiastical Elective Monarchy, seven Grand Duchies, and numerous Duchies, principalities, and other inferior orders of states, with eight or nine Republics. The following table will exhibit the title, form of government, religion, extent and population, of each approximately, and according to authentic accounts, to the 30th November, 1848.

Frankfort.

Bremen.

FC do.

do. and legislature.

FC

do.

do.

Hamburg.

FC

do.

do.

do. do.

do. Lutheran....

91

65.000

714

67

60,000

895

Protestant...

Emp Constitutional Mon.-States.

K Constitutional Monarchy.
PAbsolute Sovereignty.

•GD Constitutional Sovereignty-chambers.
Ppart of Tuscany).

Duncertain).

D do.

do.
do.

R. Catholic-
do. two chambers... Evangelical.
do. provincial states. Lutheran....
do.
K Limited Monarchy-diet and storthing.
Greek ch....2,021.887 52,943,847
Emp Autocracy.
R. Catholic.

258,188

36.950,404

146

Pd Constitutional Ecclesiastical Monarchy
R Democracy-senate & coun. of Ancients
..K Constitutional Mon.-two chambers...

2,846,000

165

7,500 357

Emp Despotism...

12,180,000 66

...K Const. Mon.-senate & representatives. Greek ch....
RCouncil & chamb. (under Brit. protec.)

20,000 950,000

47

do.

189

Grand total of Europe........

69

1,079 207,300 3,684,9411254,778,867

ABBREVIATIONS.-Emp. Empire; K. Kingdom: El. Electorate; GD. Grand Duchy; D. Duchy; F. Princepality; R. Republic; Pd. Popedom; FC. Free City; Lgr. Landgrave; Ldp. Lordship.

* Malta, &c., Helgoland, Gibraltar. &c., dependencies of Great Britain, are included in the aggregates of their 10spective localities, but not in this table. They are small, and can make little difference in the totals.

Austria, Prussia, Denmark and Holland are represented in the German councils as sovereigns of German states; The names and extent of these possessions are exhibited in the descriptions of these several monarchies. Se Austria, p. 267: Prussia, p. 299; Denmark, p. 307; and Holland, p. 235.